Othello and the Virtue of Love Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Ot

Othello and the Virtue of Love  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  The love of the protagonist and his wife in William Shakespeare’s trgedy Othello can not stand up against the repeated assaults of the sinister Iago. Let us in this essay search for and comment on the examples of love found in the play.    Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† highlights the love between the hero and his beloved:    The love between Othello and Desdemona is a great venture of faith. He is free; she achieves her freedom, and at a great cost. Shakespeare, in creating the figure of her wronged father, who dies of grief at her revolt, sharpened and heightened, as everywhere, the story in the source. Her disobedience and deception of him perhaps cross her mind at Othello’s ominous ‘Think on thy sins.’ If so, she puts the thought aside with ‘They are loves I bear you.’ . . . Othello is a drama of passion and runs to the time of passion; it is also a drama of love which, failing to sustain its height of noon, falls at once to night. (141)    The ideal love within the drama is the one existing initially between the hero and Desdemona. Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes the love existing between the protagonist and his wife and how it is an easy prey for the antagonist:    When Othello sums up their innocent infatuation, we must feel that he is more accurate than he knows:    She loved me for the dangers I had passed, And I loved her that she did pity them.    Othello and Desdemona are so attractive that we tend to see them only as they see each other: the noble Moor, the pure white maiden. But Shakespeare shows their love, even here at the very beginning, as dreamy, utterly defensele... ... Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.   

Analysis on Personal Philosophy

As defined by Webster†s Dictionary, a teacher is â€Å"one who instructs, directs, and disciplines other individuals.† This definition is correct, however, teaching encompasses much more. A teacher is an integral part of the learning process of a child. A teacher also aids the child in personal growth and life development. Teaching has always been my lifetime desire. I look forward with great anticipation to the day when I teach my own class. This will give me the opportunity to instill in the children a thirst for knowledge. This is also a chance for me to make the children realize their unique potential for greatness and open their eyes to the beautiful world around them. Before getting involved in my formal education classes and field experiences in Elementary Education at Pennsylvania State University, I thought being an educator involved teaching the students basic skills, assigning homework, and testing their knowledge. I soon found out that this monotonous routine does not maximize student interest and learning. Through my valuable student teaching experience, I have come to identify with a teaching paradigm known as Inquiry learning. In this particular paradigm, knowledge is viewed as functional and pleasurable. Children learn from the questions they pose. Key skills are learned in context and focus on child interest rather than artificial and made-up. This type of education concentrates on student interest. Children are focused and on-task because they are directly involved in their own learning. The Inquiry Paradigm also allows for numerous hands-on learning experiences. Another aspect of Inquiry learning is that the teacher is viewed as a â€Å"partner along the journey† instead of â€Å"Supreme Being†. I firmly believe that a teacher should treat her students as partners on a journey. This allows students to feel independent and responsible for their own learning.

Literary Perspectives - 1379 Words

English september 8, 2009 Literary Perspectives The following information was excerpted from The Bedford Introduction to Literature, 8th edition, 2079–2098 Formalist critics are primarily concerned with the language, structure, and tone of a work, otherwise known, as it’s â€Å"formal elements†. Formalists gravitate towards â€Å"intrinsic† matters in a piece of literature, in simpler terms, diction, irony, paradox, metaphor, and symbol. In a similar fashion, they emphasize larger elements, for instance, plot, characterization, and narrative technique, in order to derive meaning from a literary work. The work must stand by itself, and any information that goes beyond the text, for example, biography, history, politics, and†¦show more content†¦A historical approach to literature emphasizes the link between the historic context of a work and a modern reader’s understanding and interpretation of the work. The 1960’s saw the development of â€Å"New Historicism† which places the text firmly in the period in which it was written, and examines that period from a political, economic, soci al, and aesthetic standpoint. For example, a new historicist might examine Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† within the context of prevailing attitudes toward women at the time, as well as medical diagnoses of â€Å"nervousness† and â€Å"hysteria† as common, for women of that era, who led lives considered overly independent by their contemporaries. The doctors who diagnose Mrs. Mallard’s death as having been caused by â€Å"the joy that kills† are not delusional or ignorant; they represent a contrasting set of values that are historic and very much steeped in reality. New historicists therefore sensitize us to the fact that the history on which we choose to concentrate is tainted by our examination of it from our own present â€Å"truth†; This reconstruction of the past undeniably affects the meaning we derive from a literary work. Mythological critics may specialize in history, classical literature, psychology, cultural history, and classical literature, but the chief emphasis is on the assumptions and values of various cultures. Mythological readings represent the broadest approachShow MoreRelatedPerspectives Effecting Personal Beliefs630 Words   |  3 PagesPerspectives Effecting Personal Beliefs Consider how the effect of a new perspective has been reflected and developed in a literary text or texts you have studied. Discuss the ideas developed by the text creator about the effect an individual’s perspective has on personal beliefs. Each and every individual develops some sort of perspective and opinion on many different subjects, objects, and people throughout life. However, these perspectives are prone to change. The play, A Streetcar NamedRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Literature And Literature873 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature has no set definition, mainly because throughout history writers, as well as literary historians have failed to construct an agreeable definition (Bressler 12). When one thinks of literature, he or she should think of literary criticism—different critical perspectives. Literary criticism requires readers to analyze literary texts with knowledge of theories. Thus, the next time one reads a text, he or she should first identify the theory that he or she plans to use. The theories representRead MoreSylvia Plath ´s Three Stages1081 Words   |  4 Pagesdissatisfaction, depression and death. Sylvia Plath place the climax of this poem as the third stanza. From there, the stag es decrease, until it reaches morning. In this presentation I will be giving my perspective of the poem according to its’ stage and also analysing how Sylvia Plath used literary devices. The first stage of my night is dissatisfaction. During this period, I considered my surroundings as dissatisfying. This can be seen in the quote, â€Å"The night is only a sort of carbon paper, BlueblackRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Hunters On The Snow By Tobias Wolff1438 Words   |  6 Pageseventually come to an end, and that is true for both literary and commercial fiction. In literature, there are three types of endings an author can provide within their writings: a happy end with the protagonist’s conflict resolved, an indeterminate end where the resolution is inconclusive or undefined, or an unhappy end where the conflict is not resolved at all. These three types of endings can be found in both types of fictions, with literary fiction characteristically possessing unhappy endingsRead MoreI’m Going! A Comedy in One Act by Tristan Bernard862 Words   |  3 PagesAnother reason for the interest in â€Å"I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act† simply lies o n the foundation of comedy; it was quite hilarious from my perspective. Since we have been asked to analyze one of the literary works from this week’s readings, in which, for the purpose of this paper, the play, â€Å"I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act† was chosen. Consequently, â€Å"the task in literary criticism requires you to move beyond your personal feelings and examine the work itself in order to discover its significance† (ClugstonRead MoreTheme Of A Letter To A Father812 Words   |  4 Pagesabout showing the perspective of a child who had a father who was absent from their life. In addition, it’s about how a father’s absence can affect a person’s life. One literary device that helps describe the theme are the similes presented in the first stanza. Another device that supports the theme is the rhymes shown in the third stanza. Lastly, the mood presented in this poem helps show the persons emotions. Throughout this poem, the literary devices help express both the perspective and effects ofRead MoreThe Universal Truths on the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Hebrew Bible596 Words   |  3 Pagesof the greatest literary works of ancient literature. The universal truths on The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Hebrew Bible, are most fundamental when viewed from both the contemporary and traditional audiences. Fund amentally, both audiences develop their own universal truths during the time in which the events transpired or by reading the scenic events from an anthology or other literary works. Most importantly, both literary works have sought the attention of their perspective audiences by theirRead MoreHeros Journey Archetype1451 Words   |  6 Pagescharacterizations; however, they all follow the basic structure of the Hero’s journey archetype. There are many similarities and differences between the stages that are shown through many context clues and literary devices in each work. The Hero’s Journey archetype expressed in these literary works follow a similar and direct narrative pattern. The Hero’s journey archetype is expressed in three separate and chronological stages in the 17 stages of Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth. The Separation stageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Last Man By Thomas Campbell Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagescorrelated with society’s latest demands. Campbell’s rendition to literature’s post-apocalyptic scene within the poem â€Å"The Last Man† was accessible following its publication date in 1823; only shortly after the initial transitioning stages of a drastic literary movement. The emergence of the Revolutionary era involved diverse opinions among its writers and produced literature with a basis that consistently promoted change. As such, Nature was deemed to be an escape from society’s hectic life. At the timeRead MoreRichard Wilbur s Boy At The Window834 Words   |  4 Pagescould not understand before going into the war. In the poem, â€Å"Boy at the Window†, by Richard Wilbur, he shows a c entral idea of misunderstanding which shows the theme of as one grows older they will start to understand the world more by the context, literary devices, and mood in the poem. In the poem, â€Å"Boy at the Window†, the first way that the theme of as one grows older they will start to understand the world more is shown in the context of the poem. An example of how the context of the poem helped

7 Stages of Development - 1002 Words

Assignment 2: Human Development There are seven stages a human moves through during his or her life span. These stages include infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and old age. Infancy is recognized as the stage of life from a human s birth up until he or she learns how to speak: generally until the age of one or two. During this stage, the child transitions from a dependent toddler to a relatively active child; he or she is typically able to crawl, roll over and walk. In terms of physical development, the stage of infancy witnesses the most growth. Also during infancy the child gains a sense of trust when its caregivers provide affection and reliability, a lack of such†¦show more content†¦Early adulthood is the point in a human s life where he or she is able to establish intimate relationships as well as friendships. Studies suggest that one is not fully developmentally complete without the formation of intimate relationships, for without them a person would become isolated and develop a fear of commitment, and likely, a mistrust in other people. To be able to form such intimate relationships one must have appropriately progressed through the ear lier stages of life successfully. The stage that follows early adulthood is known as middle adulthood where people are generally caught between being productive and being stagnant. This stage reflects the need to create a living legacy: they would either need to feel they have become an important figure for the next generation to follow or they would develop a sense of purposelessness which is generally known as a â€Å"mid-life crisis†. This crisis can be solved by having the adults care and nurture children or help the fore-coming generation in other ways or means, however if the crisis remains the person would persist in random non-age-appropriate behavior as well as a continued feeling in stagnation. During this stage adults lose some of their physical aspects as their muscular strength, ability and agility weakens. Women will go through a menopausalShow MoreRelatedCognitive And Moral Developmental Stages1115 Words   |  5 PagesThanks you for this opportunity to apply for Position at your school, I unde rstand you have a student centred philosophy, so I’ve done some research on cognitive and moral development in primary age students. Awareness of the cognitive and moral developmental stages of the students is fundamental in structuring lesson plans to facilitate the ease of learning and the potential of each student. The emergence of the ability to think and understand moves from being dependent on Actions and perceptionsRead MoreChild and Young Persons Development Essay example762 Words   |  4 Pagesperson development Task A Complete tables Complete the following four tables showing the different stages of development against the different ages, and identify how development is holistic by showing links to other developmental aspects. 1. Physical development 2. Intellectual development 3. Communication development 4. Social, emotional and behavioural development (Ref1.1, 1.2) Assignment 005 Child and young person development Table 1: Physical development AgeRead MoreLearning and Development Theories939 Words   |  4 Pages Learning and Development Theories: Learning and development theories basically focus on environmental factors that impact peoples behavior like reinforcement, modeling, and punishment. These theories have been developed by several theorists in the field of psychology who have endeavored to understand the development and behavior of human beings. The efforts of these theorists have contributed to the emergence of several theories that explain their work. Actually, there are three major learningRead MoreTelevision Program For Children1687 Words   |  7 Pageschildren in each cognitive development stage. There are so many different television programs out there designed for children, but the reality is when the word â€Å"children† includes kids of the age between births to 12 years old, the affection of those programs must be different in different stages of cognitive development of children between births till the age of 12. Therefore, my paper is going to talk about how those affections are different in each stage of development and why should it be differentRead MoreJean Piaget And His Theory On Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and His Theory on Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is one of the most influential theorists in cognitive development and he argues that children pass through the same sequence of stages when it comes to this developmental domain. This paper will begin with a general overview of Jean Piaget’s beliefs when it comes to children’s cognitive development and the basics of his four stages. Next, an in depth look will be taken at each of the stages followed by defining the Piagetian ideasRead MoreThe Development Of Knowing : Cognitive And Moral Changes Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Development of Knowing: Cognitive and Moral Changes The development of a person is complex and occurs on many levels. Although developmental models differ, they all tend to suggest that development has the following characteristics (Neukrug, 2017, 2013): 1- Continual- goes on and on 2- Orderly, Sequential, builds upon itself- like steps 3- A change process - moving in different phases 4- Painful, yet growth producing- let go to grow 5- Hopeful - optimistic 6- Preventive and wellness oriented-Read MorePhysical Development And Child Development929 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical development may be the first thing that parents noticed when their child starts to develop, because it is the more physical and bigger movements for a child and baby to make. Physical development itself is ‘comprising changes in body size (growth) and proportions, the order and acquisition of motor skills, and perceptual and motor capacities’ (Doherty and Hughes, 2009, p.8). This is why parents see physical development first, it is not just the movements that the children achieve it is alsoRead MoreExplain the Sequence and Rate of Each Aspect of Development from Birth - 19 Years1105 Words   |  5 PagesPage No.1 Unit 1 Child and Young Person Development Learning Outcome: Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth - 19 years. Task 1: Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth - 19 years. The aspects of development are defined as Physical, Social Emotional, Language and Intellectual. There are different stages of development for each category, 0-3 years, 3-7 years, 7-12 years and 12-19 years. All children willRead MoreJean Piaget’S Stages. Gloria Martinez . Antelope Valley1078 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s Stages Gloria Martinez Antelope Valley College Jean Piaget Stages The short-written assignment I have chosen to do is Jean Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a psychologist who create the Stages of Cognitive Development by studying how children see the world as the grow up. What is Cognitive Development? Cognitive development is a study of field on children development. The four stages of development are from birth to adulthood. The four stages are calledRead MoreThe Stages Of Cognitive Development1395 Words   |  6 Pageschain of four serious stages of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget, who is a well-recognized psychologist. Through the observations he made of children, Piaget established a theory of development involving four stages: the sensorimotor stage, which is from birth to the age 2, the preoperational stage, from age 2 to about the age of 7 and the concrete operational stage, ranging from age 7 to 11. The last stage of his development was the formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence

Academic Study Around Film And Gender Essay - 1551 Words

Academic study around film and gender tends to divide into two paradigms: positive postfeminist and negative feminist analyses. Mulvey (1975) propositioned the Male gaze theory, whereby the majority of films are made for male viewers, in which women are situated as passive objects for male visual consumption. Brooks (1997) argues this is still the case in mass culture and the arts, where women are objectified as sexual objects, which exposes society to negative role models. Postfeminist theory (Hermes 1995, Geraghty 1991) and in particular, within the study of popular culture, argues that the interpretation of cultural texts varies person to person, and consumers understand most texts to be fictitious and are used as tools of escapism from everyday life. This proposed research is situated between the paradigm of feminist content analysis and the film industry audience statistics. Through the synthesis of two approaches it will attempt to address a deficit in existing research in understanding widespread responses and generalised attitudes towards gender representation in film. To investigate reactions to only one or two texts is insufficient because each film does not exist in isolation and society is saturated in popular culture which users select from across types and genres. Methodology This research will attempt to quantify the opinion and responses of women in response to gender representation of women in cinema films. This will be done through operationalising theShow MoreRelatedGender Role Portrayal And The Disney Princesses Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages Children were running around inspecting the entire store while their parents watched over them in hopes they wouldnt break anything too expensive. In all this confusion, I had lost sight of my younger sister who was now busy looking at the collection of princess dolls, with a few other girls. As I made my way towards my sister, I couldnt help but notice that many of the dolls had been glamorized and put into extravagant dresses, emphasizing their princess status. Mulan no longer had short hairRead MoreHow Did Flappers Change The View Of Women During The 1920 S1003 Words   |  5 Pagesparents came along. They would wear clothes that were long and fancy and would cover their bodies head-to-toe, because they were not allowed to even show their ankles. Flappers went against all theses customs. Their irresponsible actions included: around kissing men, dancing on men provocatively, and just not caring about what the rules were. Women had limited freedom in the 1900s until the Flappers came along and changed many things for women through the way they dressed and acted, creating the NewRead MoreThere Are Many Different Types Of Stereotypes. Most Commonly1267 Words   |  6 Pageswe have of ourselves as well as the expectations of those around us. This happens in all settings, including school, work, and all public social events. The lower class is usually thought out to be mistreated and worthless. In this country, it almost seems fine for most people to beat or bully the lower class due to their lack of resources. On top of that, they are also subject to discrimination because of their ethnicity, religion, gender, or age. When someone goes to school with ragged clothes,Read More Casino Royale 1233 Words   |  5 Pages The James bond film series has captivated its audience for decades with eye-catching gadgets, explosions, and heroism of Agent 007. Over the years that these films have been produced, a variety of actors have played James bond and many actresses have played his love interests. The male roles are portrayed as overly masculine and all of the women are overly sexualized. It seems that in every James bond movie the special agent is beating up twenty guys and saving the lives of various gorgeousRead MoreInequalities Has Been Around For Many Years; From Slaves,1018 Words   |  5 PagesInequalities has been around for many years; from slaves, to the inequalities of women. Throughout the decades, women have been fighting the injustices they face in the workplace, household, and other places. The feminist movement was able to transform the role of the traditional woman. Woman were just thought as stay at home mom, who would just take care of their kids, cook, and clean. Once the femini st movement started to gain momentum and cause woman to believe they could be a mother and alsoRead MoreWhat Makes A Leader? Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast, women tend to undersell their achievements and provide a more nurturing role in the workplace, even when it is inappropriate. If a woman becomes a mother, it triggers powerful negative competence and commitment assumptions according to a study referenced within Barriers and Bias. Accordingly, after giving birth women see a 4% decrease in earnings per child. Meanwhile men actually thrive in fatherhood, with an average 6% earnings increase. The confidence gap, which has been a discussionRead MoreThe Devil Visited Salem Witch Trials1597 Words   |  7 PagesMassachusetts. The film was adapted from a play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The film’s producers, Robert A. Miller and David V. Picker, released the film along with Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation in 1996. The film focuses on one female resident o f Salem and her revenge against her ex-lover. The revengeful girl and her group of friends begin to accuse other members of Salem when the group of girls are caught in a ceremonial dance in the woods and one girl becomes very ill. The film depicts variousRead MoreFood Vs Mood : The Nutritional Awareness Of College Students988 Words   |  4 Pagesproviders did meet to the company standards chipotle had to let them go but in doing so created a trend for now being GMO free. In many studies it has been stated that college age students are more likely to pick up a few pounds during their stint in school. The research conducted in this study will be used to determine the nutritional awareness of college students. In this study females will be compared to males to determine if there is a difference in the their levels of nutritional awareness. InitiallyRead MorePostmodernism Has Changed The Representation Of Women1721 Words   |  7 Pagesideas surrounding that of, how cultural forms or representation within the mass media are based around particular ideologies. When referring to representation, when linking this with the works of the theories brought about by postmodernism, how we see ourselves and how we construct the notions of ourselves are through the structure of available images. Feminist theory points to how the construction of gender is an effect of representation. The representation of women in images during the postmodern eraRead MoreRepresentat ion Of The Hollywood Television Industry1505 Words   |  7 PagesHollywood Television Industry A recent study done by the UCLA Bunche Center for African American Studies showed the lack of diversity within Hollywood by examining all the films released, television programs on broadcast, cable, or digital networks, as well as the actors, writers, directors, and producers within the industry. Ethnic minorities make up about 40% of the American population but still remain underrepresented in all forms of entertainment. The study also discovered that more than 50% of

Levittown Experiment Free Essays

Levittown project was taken up in the U.S. after the end of Second World War, with the aim of providing mass housing facilities to people in the wake of increasing urbanization and problems of accommodating large population in limited urban area (Friedman. We will write a custom essay sample on Levittown Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1995). The first of Levittown apartments were constructed on Long Island, New York and they symbolized the modern trends of urbanization and housing developments (Clapson. 2003). This paper shall study the impact of Levittown project on trends of further urbanization and analyze the aesthetics of design and development involved in it. American urban housing system was not in a very good state at the end of Second World War. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers had started to return back to the mainland, filled with the dream of better and improved life (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). Euphoric and buoyed by a hard fought and historic win, where U.S had established its military supremacy in the world, these people had great dreams and aspirations to continue in the legacy of that supremacy. This aspiration manifested itself most prominently in their demand for housing infrastructure, built with modern age planning, design, and latest infrastructure: houses that could symbolize U.S’s great power stature and their own triumph in being a part of this transition. Meanwhile the Congress announced special housing loans for returning war veterans where they could get loans on zero down-payment and little mortgage. Suddenly there was a great boom in the demand of urban housing, compared to which the available apartments fell drastically short (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). Millions of war veterans and citizens were homeless or living in makeshift houses looking expectedly upon government to provide them with affordable houses (Jackson. 1985). However, the strong private construction lobby was pressuring Congress to get out of the housing business, but the past record of private housing industry was patchy and they were not expected to live up to demand of providing millions of houses on affordable prices in a quick time (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000; Clapson. 2003). Abraham Levitt, a prominent builder, understood the importance of providing housing to people of every income range and he responded to the situation by constructing rows of identical four room apartments at Long Island, New York,that were offered to veteran war soldiers for only $60 a month (Jackson. 1985; Clapson. 2003). Levittown, the mass housing facility designed and constructed by Levitts, was vehemently criticized by architects for producing homogenous and suffocating environment and being antithetical to lofted architectural principles (Jackson. 1985). But the critics ignored the fact that, Levitt could not incorporate the lofty and stylist architectural designs that were hallmark of most of Victorian style villas and bungalows and yet produce houses on mass scale, in quick time and provide them for sale at most affordable prices. His aim was to construct the best houses at least cost to provide most economical housing. The fact was that Levitt had successfully fulfilled the demands and dreams of many Americans of owning their own house. Debate, Design and Impact of Levittown To fully appreciate the significance of Levittown, it must be seen in context of the great housing demand of the period 1945-46, the intense effort of private construction giants to force the government to abandon its idea of affordable and mass housing which could seriously jeopardize the corporate game plan of selling expensive houses and flats (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). There was intense public debate in U.S. around the issue and the corporate construction house tried to discredit mass scale housing by comparing it to slums and hotbed of communism and crime (Jackson. 1985). Despite the well organized and orchestrated campaign against mass housing, public opinion did not waver much, and the expectations for large scale affordable housing remained a public issue (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). People required housing, and they expected it was their right to get a decent home. High architectural designs and lofted aesthetics meant nothing to them if they resulted in homes that they could look, admire, but could not own. Against this real challenge, Lewitt and Sons took upon themselves to meet the affordable housing demand by assuming equally pragmatic approach. Levitt used special techniques and architectural designs to keep the cost of production at lowest and speed of construction at maximum. He divided entire construction procedure of houses in 26 separate steps that required professional prefabricated components. This approach greatly reduced the construction time. Many of the building components such as nails, concrete blocks, lumber and electrical appliances were procured by Levitt and sons themselves, further minimizing the cost (Friedman. 1995). The method of Levitt was so successful that by 1949Â   the first 2000 planned houses by Levitt were ready to be sold and occupied .. The first of Levitt apartment constructed on Long Island came to be known as Levittown and although they were described as drab, unimaginative and common by critics, they served their purpose of providing millions of American with their own house (Friedman. 1995). Alfred Levitt recognized his own achievement in describing himself as Henry Ford of American housing industry, where he was producing houses at assembly line speed (Friedman. 1995). Levitt also successfully warded off the criticism of his uniform Cape-Cod style of housing by mixing his next colonies with Cape-Cods, Rancher and Colonial style houses, that ranged from $ 5500 to $ 14500 (Jackson. 1985; Clapson. 2003). Levittown were constructed in New Jersey and Pennsylvania as well, with equal success and revolutionizing effect on community living and development. Although attempts were made to associate them with low class life, and blandness of taste, as the houses took the character of their owners who modified and transformed them, each of them emerged as a singular entity that was precious to their owner. Conclusion The impact of Levit’s design had far reaching effect on construction and design of further mass scale housing projects not only in U.S but in other countries as well. Levitt’s designing innovation and successful efforts to construct affordable housing had given millions of not so well-to-do Americans their first opportunity of realizing a dream, secure their present, and lay the groundwork of building a strong future. Reference Avi Friedman. 1995. The Evolution of Design Characteristics During the Post-Second World War Housing Boom: The Us Experience. Journal of Design History. Volume: 8. Issue: 2. Rosalyn Baxandall and Ewen, Elizabeth. 2000. Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened. Basic Books. New York. Kenneth T. Jackson. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford University Press. New York. Mark Clapson. 2003. Suburban Century: Social Change and Urban Growth in England and the USA. Berg. New York. Â   Â   How to cite Levittown Experiment, Essay examples

Business Organization and Policy Rana Plaza

Question: Describe about the Business Organization and Policy of Rana Plaza? Answer: Executive summary The report consists of the brief analysis on the incident of Rana Plaza of Bangladesh in which large number of workers died and few were injured. The main reason for collapse of Rana plaza is discussed in the report with the help of case study given. The report also focuses on the importance of ethics in different MNCs. Every company has their own set of ethics, rules, policies and practices which help organization to maintain integrity and accountability within the work place. The report consists of different approaches used by different MNCs regarding their ethics and values. The positive impact of ethics in a company is explained in this report. Ethical consumerism is also discussed in report with its importance for the consumers. Introduction The report consists of the analysis study done on the collapse incident of Rana plaza, reason behind it and the ethical consumerism process. Report also deals with the identification of the ethical issue in relation to the incident. Ethical consumerism is the process by which companies motivate their consumer to think how the whole process of production and sourcing the product whether it is ethical or unethical. After the collapse incident of Rana plaza many companies decide to work on their safety first to reduce the risk of same incident in future (Rabha, n.d.). Many companies are focusing on the ethical way of working and the ethical security of their employees which will increase the level of loyalty of employees towards company and their performance which will be beneficial for company. The report main focus is on the background of the factory, investigation, finding and the ethical issues involved (Hill, 2008). The reports also have a discussion about the role of the MNCs asso ciated with the factories that have done work on strengthening the ethical obligations to the workers of Bangladesh. This report consists of a brief discussion on the importance of ethics and the recommendation what organization should do to improve their ethical condition. Background of Rana Plaza The building of garment factory Rana plaza is eight storied with approximately have 5000 employees, banks and several other shops. The main MNCs to which the factory manufacture apparels are Mango, Primark, Wal-Mart, Joe Fresh, Benetton, Matalan, Monsoon Accessorize, EL Corte Ingle and Bonmarche (Henniker, 2014). Although these brands are famous among the western customers but the supply chain of these companies are not ethical (Thompson, 2005). The deadly disaster which took place in Rana plaza was a case of corrupt system and the unethical construction.The other companies who are associated with Rana Plaza decided to contribute the amount of recovery so that it can be done as early as possible. After this incident many MNC changed their working style and also increased the level of security for avoiding this type of incident in future. Analysis of Ethical consumerism Ethical consumerism is the process by which company encourages their consumers to know the whole process of production and servicing which they are buying. Basically ethical consumerism is for consumers who are buying the product should know whether the product is made without harming the environment or not. Consumers should avoid using the products which are produced by harming environment (Boylan, n.d.). By doing so they will increase the level of positive buying in the market. Consumers by ignoring the unethical products will influence company to produce product by not harming the nature. The main MNCs to whom the factory used to manufacture the apparels are not having the ethical supply chain which harms the nature or the environment. Every customer before buying any product should make sure that the production cycle of the product is ethical i.e. while production of the product nature, animals, environment was not threaten (Campuzano and Mula, 2011). Consumers should try to avoi d using such product which harm the environment so that the companies are forced to stop unethical production cycle. There were many industries before ethical consumerism which for their production used to harm animals and nature. The main steps to stop them do so can be taken by the consumers by boycotting or avoiding these products use (Noure Elahi, n.d.). By this step of consumers company will automatically avoid harming the environment for production of their product (Healey, 2007). Ethical consumerism is very important for both company as well as the consumers. Every consumer should be aware of the process by which the products are produced. Ethical issues involved in this case are:- Unethical supply chain system- Due to lack of accountability the supply chain system of Rana plaza was not transparent (Collins, 2012). To increase the profit level many companies do unethical supply chain and production. The challenge which company has to face is making their supply chain system ethical without effecting there expenditure cost. Infrastructural integrity- The main reason behind the collapse of Rana plaza was the poor and unethical construction (Devinney, Auger and Eckhardt, 2010). The high range of profit induced the owner to overlook the ethical manner of construction of the building. Many land experts said that the building was constructed on a potential soft ground due to which building collapsed. Unethical labor practice- According to (Simpson and Taylor, 2013) political system of Bangladesh labors were unable to protest against the workplace harassments and the unethical duties performed by the company. Every country has their own labor law which is to be mentioned under National labor law but Bangladesh labor law is not mentioned under National Labor Law due to which there was lack of opportunity for the laborers (Healey, n.d.). Poor working condition- The wage paid to workers in retail sector of Bangladesh is very low due to which the workers are de motivated towards the company. Lack of business ethics in global business- Now days companies are more concern about their financial outcome rather than the business ethics, which increases the level of risk regarding security and unethical production of the product and there supply chain system (Schwartz and Harris, 2014). Approaches used by different MNCs associated with Rana Plaza are:- Initially the MNCs which were associated with Rana plaza garments factory never focused on the ethics, rules and the regulations which the factory has adopted but after the collapse incident of Rana Plaza they started working on ethics, rules and regulations (Garver et al., 2007). The collapse incident was the live example for other business organization for manhandle and mistreated of workers. After this collapse incident every company focus on the workers working duration, wages and etc which can help in motivating there workers (Hudson, Hudson and Edgerton, 2013). The main reason why MNCs became aware of the ethical condition of workers, importance of ethics, rules and regulation in the company was the collapse incident of Rana Plaza (Martin, 2010). It is important for every MNC to follow ethics, rules and regulations within and outside the company in trading and supplying process to reduce the risk of any hazard. There are different steps which every MNC should consider before trading and other processes are as:- To make people free to choose their employment- Every employees should have right to choose where they want to work according to their skills and specialty (Leonard and Gonzalez-Perez, 2013). No head of the team can force or threaten his subordinates to work as per his wish. If the employees are made to work for extra time then the company should pay them as per there wage rules. Working condition and environment should be secure and hygienic The place where a person is working should be hygienic and secure. Every MNC should make their employees secure so that they are motivated to work better (Jamali, 2010). For maintaining the hygiene company should encourage their employees so that they keep their surrounding clean. Working hour should be limited - The working time or duration in a company should be decided as per the laws of the government (Luetge, 2013). The working time should be limited no head of the company can force to work for extra time without additional wage. No threatening of workforce- The workforce of the MNC should not be threatened physically or mentally within or outside the working place. As per the different laws regarding the workforce they can complain to the company. Different MNCs ethics, values Now a day MNCs have changed there working condition to improve their profit as well as ethics. Companies like Wal-Mart, Mango, Primark and etc are trying to improve there working condition by providing security and hygiene to their employees. Different ethics followed by MNCs are as- By provide proper security regarding health to the employees of the company by ensuring their working time and environment in which they are working. To provide basic facilities to employees in workplace like clean water for drinking and other purposes, neat and clean surrounding in which they are working. Companies provide their employees proper training for keeping their workplace hygienic without giving harm to others and the environment. Before starting any working relation with any person company decide their wages, and other allowances as per the laws of the government. Company maintains the occupational health and safety of their workers to motivate them to perform better. Companies now a day is forcing their employees to work maintain the ethics of the company inside and outside the workplace. Companies are trying to avoid the mental threatening done to their employees by increasing the work pressure. To increase the productivity head of the companies are told that no worker should be force to do work if he/she is not willing to do that work. Every company has its own organizational ethics and other ethics which every employee working should follow. Organizational ethics are different formal and informal standards of conduct which guide or help employees about their behavior in the workplace (Tang, Teo and Wei, 2008). To maintain the dignity in workplace companies have their own set of policies, practices which one has to follow. Importance of ethics in workplace Ethics helps the employees to maintain there working time in the company as well as the policies and practices of the company. Ethics helps company to motivate their employees to not misuse the assets of their workplace (Simpson and Taylor, 2013). Ethics help employees to stand against the harassment (if any) done by the company. Ethics helps in decreasing the level of gossips and grapevine within the workplace (Lenk, Hoppe and Andorno, 2007). It helps in maintaining the integrity of the employees toward the company. Ethics are the method by which company maintain the behavior of their workforce within the workplace. Organizational ethics helps in maintaining the employees commitment towards the company and their job. Ethics are important for every company to maintain discipline among the employees. Conclusion The report is about the biggest disaster which held in Bangladesh, the collapse of Rana Plaza. By the above analysis done in report it is clear that the main reason for destruction of Rana plaza were the unethical activities, poor supply chain system, excessive work pressure on the work force, poor infrastructural facility, low wage given to workers and the high demand of poor quality clothes (Johnson, 2012). After this incident many MNCs have improved there working system in Bangladesh by focusing on their ethics. The main reason why still Bangladesh is struggling in improving there working condition in companies is the lack of appropriate labor policy. The report also focuses on the ethical consumerism which is used to make consumers aware of the production cycle of the product they are using (Leonard, 2010). This report also discuss about the approaches which different MNCs adapted to improve their condition regarding ethics and working condition. Recommendation Every organization should have set of policies and practices as per the government law to maintain the integrity, commitment, accountability and the behavior of the employees (Greve, 2013). Ethics should be implemented in every organization to increase the team work. Companies should motivate their employees for working as per the policies of the company (Kolb, 2008). Every company should perform their jobs without harming the nature or the environment surrounding them. Ethics helps in maintain the security of workforce within the company so that the employees feel secure. Before starting any new trading or other process organizational ethics should be explained. Company should try to focus on their ethics, rules and regulation more that there financial profit. Ethics helps in maintaining the proper communication among the employees so that the peaceful environment is maintained within the workplace. Organizational ethics helps in reducing the corruption level within the company, so every company should follow. The workplace should be hygienic and the environment should be motivational so that all employees perform better. Company should have proper wage and reward structure, so that all employees get motivated automatically for working. 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