7 Stages of Development - 1002 Words

Assignment 2: Human Development There are seven stages a human moves through during his or her life span. These stages include infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and old age. Infancy is recognized as the stage of life from a human s birth up until he or she learns how to speak: generally until the age of one or two. During this stage, the child transitions from a dependent toddler to a relatively active child; he or she is typically able to crawl, roll over and walk. In terms of physical development, the stage of infancy witnesses the most growth. Also during infancy the child gains a sense of trust when its caregivers provide affection and reliability, a lack of such†¦show more content†¦Early adulthood is the point in a human s life where he or she is able to establish intimate relationships as well as friendships. Studies suggest that one is not fully developmentally complete without the formation of intimate relationships, for without them a person would become isolated and develop a fear of commitment, and likely, a mistrust in other people. To be able to form such intimate relationships one must have appropriately progressed through the ear lier stages of life successfully. The stage that follows early adulthood is known as middle adulthood where people are generally caught between being productive and being stagnant. This stage reflects the need to create a living legacy: they would either need to feel they have become an important figure for the next generation to follow or they would develop a sense of purposelessness which is generally known as a â€Å"mid-life crisis†. This crisis can be solved by having the adults care and nurture children or help the fore-coming generation in other ways or means, however if the crisis remains the person would persist in random non-age-appropriate behavior as well as a continued feeling in stagnation. During this stage adults lose some of their physical aspects as their muscular strength, ability and agility weakens. Women will go through a menopausalShow MoreRelatedCognitive And Moral Developmental Stages1115 Words   |  5 PagesThanks you for this opportunity to apply for Position at your school, I unde rstand you have a student centred philosophy, so I’ve done some research on cognitive and moral development in primary age students. Awareness of the cognitive and moral developmental stages of the students is fundamental in structuring lesson plans to facilitate the ease of learning and the potential of each student. The emergence of the ability to think and understand moves from being dependent on Actions and perceptionsRead MoreChild and Young Persons Development Essay example762 Words   |  4 Pagesperson development Task A Complete tables Complete the following four tables showing the different stages of development against the different ages, and identify how development is holistic by showing links to other developmental aspects. 1. Physical development 2. Intellectual development 3. Communication development 4. Social, emotional and behavioural development (Ref1.1, 1.2) Assignment 005 Child and young person development Table 1: Physical development AgeRead MoreLearning and Development Theories939 Words   |  4 Pages Learning and Development Theories: Learning and development theories basically focus on environmental factors that impact peoples behavior like reinforcement, modeling, and punishment. These theories have been developed by several theorists in the field of psychology who have endeavored to understand the development and behavior of human beings. The efforts of these theorists have contributed to the emergence of several theories that explain their work. Actually, there are three major learningRead MoreTelevision Program For Children1687 Words   |  7 Pageschildren in each cognitive development stage. There are so many different television programs out there designed for children, but the reality is when the word â€Å"children† includes kids of the age between births to 12 years old, the affection of those programs must be different in different stages of cognitive development of children between births till the age of 12. Therefore, my paper is going to talk about how those affections are different in each stage of development and why should it be differentRead MoreJean Piaget And His Theory On Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and His Theory on Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is one of the most influential theorists in cognitive development and he argues that children pass through the same sequence of stages when it comes to this developmental domain. This paper will begin with a general overview of Jean Piaget’s beliefs when it comes to children’s cognitive development and the basics of his four stages. Next, an in depth look will be taken at each of the stages followed by defining the Piagetian ideasRead MoreThe Development Of Knowing : Cognitive And Moral Changes Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Development of Knowing: Cognitive and Moral Changes The development of a person is complex and occurs on many levels. Although developmental models differ, they all tend to suggest that development has the following characteristics (Neukrug, 2017, 2013): 1- Continual- goes on and on 2- Orderly, Sequential, builds upon itself- like steps 3- A change process - moving in different phases 4- Painful, yet growth producing- let go to grow 5- Hopeful - optimistic 6- Preventive and wellness oriented-Read MorePhysical Development And Child Development929 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical development may be the first thing that parents noticed when their child starts to develop, because it is the more physical and bigger movements for a child and baby to make. Physical development itself is ‘comprising changes in body size (growth) and proportions, the order and acquisition of motor skills, and perceptual and motor capacities’ (Doherty and Hughes, 2009, p.8). This is why parents see physical development first, it is not just the movements that the children achieve it is alsoRead MoreExplain the Sequence and Rate of Each Aspect of Development from Birth - 19 Years1105 Words   |  5 PagesPage No.1 Unit 1 Child and Young Person Development Learning Outcome: Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth - 19 years. Task 1: Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth - 19 years. The aspects of development are defined as Physical, Social Emotional, Language and Intellectual. There are different stages of development for each category, 0-3 years, 3-7 years, 7-12 years and 12-19 years. All children willRead MoreJean Piaget’S Stages. Gloria Martinez . Antelope Valley1078 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s Stages Gloria Martinez Antelope Valley College Jean Piaget Stages The short-written assignment I have chosen to do is Jean Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a psychologist who create the Stages of Cognitive Development by studying how children see the world as the grow up. What is Cognitive Development? Cognitive development is a study of field on children development. The four stages of development are from birth to adulthood. The four stages are calledRead MoreThe Stages Of Cognitive Development1395 Words   |  6 Pageschain of four serious stages of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget, who is a well-recognized psychologist. Through the observations he made of children, Piaget established a theory of development involving four stages: the sensorimotor stage, which is from birth to the age 2, the preoperational stage, from age 2 to about the age of 7 and the concrete operational stage, ranging from age 7 to 11. The last stage of his development was the formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence

Academic Study Around Film And Gender Essay - 1551 Words

Academic study around film and gender tends to divide into two paradigms: positive postfeminist and negative feminist analyses. Mulvey (1975) propositioned the Male gaze theory, whereby the majority of films are made for male viewers, in which women are situated as passive objects for male visual consumption. Brooks (1997) argues this is still the case in mass culture and the arts, where women are objectified as sexual objects, which exposes society to negative role models. Postfeminist theory (Hermes 1995, Geraghty 1991) and in particular, within the study of popular culture, argues that the interpretation of cultural texts varies person to person, and consumers understand most texts to be fictitious and are used as tools of escapism from everyday life. This proposed research is situated between the paradigm of feminist content analysis and the film industry audience statistics. Through the synthesis of two approaches it will attempt to address a deficit in existing research in understanding widespread responses and generalised attitudes towards gender representation in film. To investigate reactions to only one or two texts is insufficient because each film does not exist in isolation and society is saturated in popular culture which users select from across types and genres. Methodology This research will attempt to quantify the opinion and responses of women in response to gender representation of women in cinema films. This will be done through operationalising theShow MoreRelatedGender Role Portrayal And The Disney Princesses Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages Children were running around inspecting the entire store while their parents watched over them in hopes they wouldnt break anything too expensive. In all this confusion, I had lost sight of my younger sister who was now busy looking at the collection of princess dolls, with a few other girls. As I made my way towards my sister, I couldnt help but notice that many of the dolls had been glamorized and put into extravagant dresses, emphasizing their princess status. Mulan no longer had short hairRead MoreHow Did Flappers Change The View Of Women During The 1920 S1003 Words   |  5 Pagesparents came along. They would wear clothes that were long and fancy and would cover their bodies head-to-toe, because they were not allowed to even show their ankles. Flappers went against all theses customs. Their irresponsible actions included: around kissing men, dancing on men provocatively, and just not caring about what the rules were. Women had limited freedom in the 1900s until the Flappers came along and changed many things for women through the way they dressed and acted, creating the NewRead MoreThere Are Many Different Types Of Stereotypes. Most Commonly1267 Words   |  6 Pageswe have of ourselves as well as the expectations of those around us. This happens in all settings, including school, work, and all public social events. The lower class is usually thought out to be mistreated and worthless. In this country, it almost seems fine for most people to beat or bully the lower class due to their lack of resources. On top of that, they are also subject to discrimination because of their ethnicity, religion, gender, or age. When someone goes to school with ragged clothes,Read More Casino Royale 1233 Words   |  5 Pages The James bond film series has captivated its audience for decades with eye-catching gadgets, explosions, and heroism of Agent 007. Over the years that these films have been produced, a variety of actors have played James bond and many actresses have played his love interests. The male roles are portrayed as overly masculine and all of the women are overly sexualized. It seems that in every James bond movie the special agent is beating up twenty guys and saving the lives of various gorgeousRead MoreInequalities Has Been Around For Many Years; From Slaves,1018 Words   |  5 PagesInequalities has been around for many years; from slaves, to the inequalities of women. Throughout the decades, women have been fighting the injustices they face in the workplace, household, and other places. The feminist movement was able to transform the role of the traditional woman. Woman were just thought as stay at home mom, who would just take care of their kids, cook, and clean. Once the femini st movement started to gain momentum and cause woman to believe they could be a mother and alsoRead MoreWhat Makes A Leader? Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast, women tend to undersell their achievements and provide a more nurturing role in the workplace, even when it is inappropriate. If a woman becomes a mother, it triggers powerful negative competence and commitment assumptions according to a study referenced within Barriers and Bias. Accordingly, after giving birth women see a 4% decrease in earnings per child. Meanwhile men actually thrive in fatherhood, with an average 6% earnings increase. The confidence gap, which has been a discussionRead MoreThe Devil Visited Salem Witch Trials1597 Words   |  7 PagesMassachusetts. The film was adapted from a play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The film’s producers, Robert A. Miller and David V. Picker, released the film along with Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation in 1996. The film focuses on one female resident o f Salem and her revenge against her ex-lover. The revengeful girl and her group of friends begin to accuse other members of Salem when the group of girls are caught in a ceremonial dance in the woods and one girl becomes very ill. The film depicts variousRead MoreFood Vs Mood : The Nutritional Awareness Of College Students988 Words   |  4 Pagesproviders did meet to the company standards chipotle had to let them go but in doing so created a trend for now being GMO free. In many studies it has been stated that college age students are more likely to pick up a few pounds during their stint in school. The research conducted in this study will be used to determine the nutritional awareness of college students. In this study females will be compared to males to determine if there is a difference in the their levels of nutritional awareness. InitiallyRead MorePostmodernism Has Changed The Representation Of Women1721 Words   |  7 Pagesideas surrounding that of, how cultural forms or representation within the mass media are based around particular ideologies. When referring to representation, when linking this with the works of the theories brought about by postmodernism, how we see ourselves and how we construct the notions of ourselves are through the structure of available images. Feminist theory points to how the construction of gender is an effect of representation. The representation of women in images during the postmodern eraRead MoreRepresentat ion Of The Hollywood Television Industry1505 Words   |  7 PagesHollywood Television Industry A recent study done by the UCLA Bunche Center for African American Studies showed the lack of diversity within Hollywood by examining all the films released, television programs on broadcast, cable, or digital networks, as well as the actors, writers, directors, and producers within the industry. Ethnic minorities make up about 40% of the American population but still remain underrepresented in all forms of entertainment. The study also discovered that more than 50% of

Levittown Experiment Free Essays

Levittown project was taken up in the U.S. after the end of Second World War, with the aim of providing mass housing facilities to people in the wake of increasing urbanization and problems of accommodating large population in limited urban area (Friedman. We will write a custom essay sample on Levittown Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1995). The first of Levittown apartments were constructed on Long Island, New York and they symbolized the modern trends of urbanization and housing developments (Clapson. 2003). This paper shall study the impact of Levittown project on trends of further urbanization and analyze the aesthetics of design and development involved in it. American urban housing system was not in a very good state at the end of Second World War. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers had started to return back to the mainland, filled with the dream of better and improved life (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). Euphoric and buoyed by a hard fought and historic win, where U.S had established its military supremacy in the world, these people had great dreams and aspirations to continue in the legacy of that supremacy. This aspiration manifested itself most prominently in their demand for housing infrastructure, built with modern age planning, design, and latest infrastructure: houses that could symbolize U.S’s great power stature and their own triumph in being a part of this transition. Meanwhile the Congress announced special housing loans for returning war veterans where they could get loans on zero down-payment and little mortgage. Suddenly there was a great boom in the demand of urban housing, compared to which the available apartments fell drastically short (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). Millions of war veterans and citizens were homeless or living in makeshift houses looking expectedly upon government to provide them with affordable houses (Jackson. 1985). However, the strong private construction lobby was pressuring Congress to get out of the housing business, but the past record of private housing industry was patchy and they were not expected to live up to demand of providing millions of houses on affordable prices in a quick time (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000; Clapson. 2003). Abraham Levitt, a prominent builder, understood the importance of providing housing to people of every income range and he responded to the situation by constructing rows of identical four room apartments at Long Island, New York,that were offered to veteran war soldiers for only $60 a month (Jackson. 1985; Clapson. 2003). Levittown, the mass housing facility designed and constructed by Levitts, was vehemently criticized by architects for producing homogenous and suffocating environment and being antithetical to lofted architectural principles (Jackson. 1985). But the critics ignored the fact that, Levitt could not incorporate the lofty and stylist architectural designs that were hallmark of most of Victorian style villas and bungalows and yet produce houses on mass scale, in quick time and provide them for sale at most affordable prices. His aim was to construct the best houses at least cost to provide most economical housing. The fact was that Levitt had successfully fulfilled the demands and dreams of many Americans of owning their own house. Debate, Design and Impact of Levittown To fully appreciate the significance of Levittown, it must be seen in context of the great housing demand of the period 1945-46, the intense effort of private construction giants to force the government to abandon its idea of affordable and mass housing which could seriously jeopardize the corporate game plan of selling expensive houses and flats (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). There was intense public debate in U.S. around the issue and the corporate construction house tried to discredit mass scale housing by comparing it to slums and hotbed of communism and crime (Jackson. 1985). Despite the well organized and orchestrated campaign against mass housing, public opinion did not waver much, and the expectations for large scale affordable housing remained a public issue (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). People required housing, and they expected it was their right to get a decent home. High architectural designs and lofted aesthetics meant nothing to them if they resulted in homes that they could look, admire, but could not own. Against this real challenge, Lewitt and Sons took upon themselves to meet the affordable housing demand by assuming equally pragmatic approach. Levitt used special techniques and architectural designs to keep the cost of production at lowest and speed of construction at maximum. He divided entire construction procedure of houses in 26 separate steps that required professional prefabricated components. This approach greatly reduced the construction time. Many of the building components such as nails, concrete blocks, lumber and electrical appliances were procured by Levitt and sons themselves, further minimizing the cost (Friedman. 1995). The method of Levitt was so successful that by 1949Â   the first 2000 planned houses by Levitt were ready to be sold and occupied .. The first of Levitt apartment constructed on Long Island came to be known as Levittown and although they were described as drab, unimaginative and common by critics, they served their purpose of providing millions of American with their own house (Friedman. 1995). Alfred Levitt recognized his own achievement in describing himself as Henry Ford of American housing industry, where he was producing houses at assembly line speed (Friedman. 1995). Levitt also successfully warded off the criticism of his uniform Cape-Cod style of housing by mixing his next colonies with Cape-Cods, Rancher and Colonial style houses, that ranged from $ 5500 to $ 14500 (Jackson. 1985; Clapson. 2003). Levittown were constructed in New Jersey and Pennsylvania as well, with equal success and revolutionizing effect on community living and development. Although attempts were made to associate them with low class life, and blandness of taste, as the houses took the character of their owners who modified and transformed them, each of them emerged as a singular entity that was precious to their owner. Conclusion The impact of Levit’s design had far reaching effect on construction and design of further mass scale housing projects not only in U.S but in other countries as well. Levitt’s designing innovation and successful efforts to construct affordable housing had given millions of not so well-to-do Americans their first opportunity of realizing a dream, secure their present, and lay the groundwork of building a strong future. Reference Avi Friedman. 1995. The Evolution of Design Characteristics During the Post-Second World War Housing Boom: The Us Experience. Journal of Design History. Volume: 8. Issue: 2. Rosalyn Baxandall and Ewen, Elizabeth. 2000. Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened. Basic Books. New York. Kenneth T. Jackson. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford University Press. New York. Mark Clapson. 2003. Suburban Century: Social Change and Urban Growth in England and the USA. Berg. New York. Â   Â   How to cite Levittown Experiment, Essay examples

Business Organization and Policy Rana Plaza

Question: Describe about the Business Organization and Policy of Rana Plaza? Answer: Executive summary The report consists of the brief analysis on the incident of Rana Plaza of Bangladesh in which large number of workers died and few were injured. The main reason for collapse of Rana plaza is discussed in the report with the help of case study given. The report also focuses on the importance of ethics in different MNCs. Every company has their own set of ethics, rules, policies and practices which help organization to maintain integrity and accountability within the work place. The report consists of different approaches used by different MNCs regarding their ethics and values. The positive impact of ethics in a company is explained in this report. Ethical consumerism is also discussed in report with its importance for the consumers. Introduction The report consists of the analysis study done on the collapse incident of Rana plaza, reason behind it and the ethical consumerism process. Report also deals with the identification of the ethical issue in relation to the incident. Ethical consumerism is the process by which companies motivate their consumer to think how the whole process of production and sourcing the product whether it is ethical or unethical. After the collapse incident of Rana plaza many companies decide to work on their safety first to reduce the risk of same incident in future (Rabha, n.d.). Many companies are focusing on the ethical way of working and the ethical security of their employees which will increase the level of loyalty of employees towards company and their performance which will be beneficial for company. The report main focus is on the background of the factory, investigation, finding and the ethical issues involved (Hill, 2008). The reports also have a discussion about the role of the MNCs asso ciated with the factories that have done work on strengthening the ethical obligations to the workers of Bangladesh. This report consists of a brief discussion on the importance of ethics and the recommendation what organization should do to improve their ethical condition. Background of Rana Plaza The building of garment factory Rana plaza is eight storied with approximately have 5000 employees, banks and several other shops. The main MNCs to which the factory manufacture apparels are Mango, Primark, Wal-Mart, Joe Fresh, Benetton, Matalan, Monsoon Accessorize, EL Corte Ingle and Bonmarche (Henniker, 2014). Although these brands are famous among the western customers but the supply chain of these companies are not ethical (Thompson, 2005). The deadly disaster which took place in Rana plaza was a case of corrupt system and the unethical construction.The other companies who are associated with Rana Plaza decided to contribute the amount of recovery so that it can be done as early as possible. After this incident many MNC changed their working style and also increased the level of security for avoiding this type of incident in future. Analysis of Ethical consumerism Ethical consumerism is the process by which company encourages their consumers to know the whole process of production and servicing which they are buying. Basically ethical consumerism is for consumers who are buying the product should know whether the product is made without harming the environment or not. Consumers should avoid using the products which are produced by harming environment (Boylan, n.d.). By doing so they will increase the level of positive buying in the market. Consumers by ignoring the unethical products will influence company to produce product by not harming the nature. The main MNCs to whom the factory used to manufacture the apparels are not having the ethical supply chain which harms the nature or the environment. Every customer before buying any product should make sure that the production cycle of the product is ethical i.e. while production of the product nature, animals, environment was not threaten (Campuzano and Mula, 2011). Consumers should try to avoi d using such product which harm the environment so that the companies are forced to stop unethical production cycle. There were many industries before ethical consumerism which for their production used to harm animals and nature. The main steps to stop them do so can be taken by the consumers by boycotting or avoiding these products use (Noure Elahi, n.d.). By this step of consumers company will automatically avoid harming the environment for production of their product (Healey, 2007). Ethical consumerism is very important for both company as well as the consumers. Every consumer should be aware of the process by which the products are produced. Ethical issues involved in this case are:- Unethical supply chain system- Due to lack of accountability the supply chain system of Rana plaza was not transparent (Collins, 2012). To increase the profit level many companies do unethical supply chain and production. The challenge which company has to face is making their supply chain system ethical without effecting there expenditure cost. Infrastructural integrity- The main reason behind the collapse of Rana plaza was the poor and unethical construction (Devinney, Auger and Eckhardt, 2010). The high range of profit induced the owner to overlook the ethical manner of construction of the building. Many land experts said that the building was constructed on a potential soft ground due to which building collapsed. Unethical labor practice- According to (Simpson and Taylor, 2013) political system of Bangladesh labors were unable to protest against the workplace harassments and the unethical duties performed by the company. Every country has their own labor law which is to be mentioned under National labor law but Bangladesh labor law is not mentioned under National Labor Law due to which there was lack of opportunity for the laborers (Healey, n.d.). Poor working condition- The wage paid to workers in retail sector of Bangladesh is very low due to which the workers are de motivated towards the company. Lack of business ethics in global business- Now days companies are more concern about their financial outcome rather than the business ethics, which increases the level of risk regarding security and unethical production of the product and there supply chain system (Schwartz and Harris, 2014). Approaches used by different MNCs associated with Rana Plaza are:- Initially the MNCs which were associated with Rana plaza garments factory never focused on the ethics, rules and the regulations which the factory has adopted but after the collapse incident of Rana Plaza they started working on ethics, rules and regulations (Garver et al., 2007). The collapse incident was the live example for other business organization for manhandle and mistreated of workers. After this collapse incident every company focus on the workers working duration, wages and etc which can help in motivating there workers (Hudson, Hudson and Edgerton, 2013). The main reason why MNCs became aware of the ethical condition of workers, importance of ethics, rules and regulation in the company was the collapse incident of Rana Plaza (Martin, 2010). It is important for every MNC to follow ethics, rules and regulations within and outside the company in trading and supplying process to reduce the risk of any hazard. There are different steps which every MNC should consider before trading and other processes are as:- To make people free to choose their employment- Every employees should have right to choose where they want to work according to their skills and specialty (Leonard and Gonzalez-Perez, 2013). No head of the team can force or threaten his subordinates to work as per his wish. If the employees are made to work for extra time then the company should pay them as per there wage rules. Working condition and environment should be secure and hygienic The place where a person is working should be hygienic and secure. Every MNC should make their employees secure so that they are motivated to work better (Jamali, 2010). For maintaining the hygiene company should encourage their employees so that they keep their surrounding clean. Working hour should be limited - The working time or duration in a company should be decided as per the laws of the government (Luetge, 2013). The working time should be limited no head of the company can force to work for extra time without additional wage. No threatening of workforce- The workforce of the MNC should not be threatened physically or mentally within or outside the working place. As per the different laws regarding the workforce they can complain to the company. Different MNCs ethics, values Now a day MNCs have changed there working condition to improve their profit as well as ethics. Companies like Wal-Mart, Mango, Primark and etc are trying to improve there working condition by providing security and hygiene to their employees. Different ethics followed by MNCs are as- By provide proper security regarding health to the employees of the company by ensuring their working time and environment in which they are working. To provide basic facilities to employees in workplace like clean water for drinking and other purposes, neat and clean surrounding in which they are working. Companies provide their employees proper training for keeping their workplace hygienic without giving harm to others and the environment. Before starting any working relation with any person company decide their wages, and other allowances as per the laws of the government. Company maintains the occupational health and safety of their workers to motivate them to perform better. Companies now a day is forcing their employees to work maintain the ethics of the company inside and outside the workplace. Companies are trying to avoid the mental threatening done to their employees by increasing the work pressure. To increase the productivity head of the companies are told that no worker should be force to do work if he/she is not willing to do that work. Every company has its own organizational ethics and other ethics which every employee working should follow. Organizational ethics are different formal and informal standards of conduct which guide or help employees about their behavior in the workplace (Tang, Teo and Wei, 2008). To maintain the dignity in workplace companies have their own set of policies, practices which one has to follow. Importance of ethics in workplace Ethics helps the employees to maintain there working time in the company as well as the policies and practices of the company. Ethics helps company to motivate their employees to not misuse the assets of their workplace (Simpson and Taylor, 2013). Ethics help employees to stand against the harassment (if any) done by the company. Ethics helps in decreasing the level of gossips and grapevine within the workplace (Lenk, Hoppe and Andorno, 2007). It helps in maintaining the integrity of the employees toward the company. Ethics are the method by which company maintain the behavior of their workforce within the workplace. Organizational ethics helps in maintaining the employees commitment towards the company and their job. Ethics are important for every company to maintain discipline among the employees. Conclusion The report is about the biggest disaster which held in Bangladesh, the collapse of Rana Plaza. By the above analysis done in report it is clear that the main reason for destruction of Rana plaza were the unethical activities, poor supply chain system, excessive work pressure on the work force, poor infrastructural facility, low wage given to workers and the high demand of poor quality clothes (Johnson, 2012). After this incident many MNCs have improved there working system in Bangladesh by focusing on their ethics. The main reason why still Bangladesh is struggling in improving there working condition in companies is the lack of appropriate labor policy. The report also focuses on the ethical consumerism which is used to make consumers aware of the production cycle of the product they are using (Leonard, 2010). This report also discuss about the approaches which different MNCs adapted to improve their condition regarding ethics and working condition. Recommendation Every organization should have set of policies and practices as per the government law to maintain the integrity, commitment, accountability and the behavior of the employees (Greve, 2013). Ethics should be implemented in every organization to increase the team work. Companies should motivate their employees for working as per the policies of the company (Kolb, 2008). Every company should perform their jobs without harming the nature or the environment surrounding them. Ethics helps in maintain the security of workforce within the company so that the employees feel secure. Before starting any new trading or other process organizational ethics should be explained. Company should try to focus on their ethics, rules and regulation more that there financial profit. Ethics helps in maintaining the proper communication among the employees so that the peaceful environment is maintained within the workplace. Organizational ethics helps in reducing the corruption level within the company, so every company should follow. The workplace should be hygienic and the environment should be motivational so that all employees perform better. Company should have proper wage and reward structure, so that all employees get motivated automatically for working. Company should follow proper hierarchy for communication and working command among the top level, middle level and low level employees. Every employee should be provided with proper health and security systems while their working process. Before starting main work company should plan good competitive strategy, marketing and other strategy to increase their profitability, taking into consideration their stakeholders. Company should always perform their supply chain system and production system in ethical manner. Bibliography Boylan, M. (n.d.). Business ethics. Campuzano, F. and Mula, J. (2011). Supply chain simulation. London: Springer. Collins, D. (2012). Business ethics. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Devinney, T., Auger, P. and Eckhardt, G. (2010). The myth of the ethical consumer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Garver, P., Buketov, K., Chong, H. and Martinez, B. (2007). Global Labor Organizing in Theory and Practice. Labor Studies Journal, 32(3), pp.237-256. Greve, M. (2013). Integrity. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Educational Media. Healey, J. (2007). Consumerism. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Healey, J. (n.d.). Ethical consumerism. Hill, C. (2008). Global business today. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Hudson, M., Hudson, I. and Edgerton, J. (2013). Political Consumerism in Context: An Experiment on Status and Information in Ethical Consumption Decisions. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 72(4), pp.1009-1037. Jamali, D. (2010). The CSR of MNC Subsidiaries in Developing Countries: Global, Local, Substantive or Diluted?. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(S2), pp.181-200. Johnson, C. (2012). Organizational ethics. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Kolb, R. (2008). Encyclopedia of business ethics and society. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Lenk, C., Hoppe, N. and Andorno, R. (2007). Ethics and law of intellectual property. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate. Leonard, E. (2010). Integrity. [Tampa, Fla.]: Nox Press. Leonard, L. and Gonzalez-Perez, M. (2013). Principles and strategies to balance ethical, social and environmental concerns with corporate requirements. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Luetge, C. (2013). Handbook of the philosophical foundations of business ethics. Dordrecht: Springer. Martin, D. (2010). The A-Z of employment practice. London: Thorogood. Noure Elahi, M. (n.d.). Organizations as Infrastructural Constructive Communities in Management. SSRN Journal. Rabha, B. (n.d.). Infrastructural Development, Nature and Society. SSRN Journal. Schwartz, M. and Harris, H. (2014). Contribution of fiction to organizational ethics. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Simpson, J. and Taylor, J. (2013). Corporate governance, ethics, and CSR. London: Kogan Page. Tang, C., Teo, C. and Wei, K. (2008). Supply chain analysis. New York: Springer. Thompson, D. (2005). Restoring responsibility. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the common health challenges in aging persons. The health condition is one of the major causes of deaths and health complications for individuals that above sixty-five years. Congestive heart failure is not only a major cause of health complication and death in aging individuals but also contribute high number of re-admission among aging person. Moreover, treating congestive heart failure cost a fortune and is a major challenge to families with a CHF patient.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Congestive heart failure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theoretical framework Considering its significance to the health of aging persons, Health care provision for aging persons should therefore consider CHF management. Because of increased cases of CHF and its health and cost implications, various recent research studies have focused towards coming up with better chf management Cong estive heart failure occurs when the heart is not able to meet the body’s demand for oxygen. The heart of congestive heart failure patient is weak and is not able to supply sufficient blood in key body organs. The condition id further accelerated by secondary factors such a as high blood pressure and coronary artery disease which weaken the heart. Similarly, faulty heart valves, a condition that occurs when the valves between heart chambers do not open properly forcing the heart to work harder to keep the blood flowing correctly also weakens the heart leading to heart failure. Other tertiary factors such as diabetes, severe anemia as well as kidney or liver filature could precipitate to heart failure. The symptoms of the disease are easily recognizable such as shortness of breath coughing, swelling feet and ankles, swelling abdomen as well as weight gain. The treatment and recovery require keen supervision and medication that should be regularly maintained failure to which the condition accelerates depending on the seriousness of the disease or factor involved (Stewart et al 2002, pp361).. Literature review Heart failure is common among the elderly and financially dependent population. These are often considered a burden to society and therefore given little attention and follow up. The smaller financially stable population spends a considerable amount on medication and end up under cost and doctor supervision. In a community with limited or few resources there is little or no follow-up for the elderly after heir discharge from hospital. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because most of them often live lone and only receive one visit per week by a nurse. The nurse assesses their needs and ensures that they have taken their medicine. The regulatory and effectiveness of the medication depends on the patients discipline and punctuality in t aking it (Ewald et al 2008, pp101). The rates of discipline vary and depend on how the patient perceived the instruction on medications. This therefore poses a problem of taking medications on time. Since most of the patient lives alone, no one will remind them that a puff of cigarette or a sip of wine is a risk factor. Medical conditions identified as risk factors to congestive heart failure include coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, valvular heart disease, hyperthyroidism and earlier history of heart disease. Apart from medical conditions and age, lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol and continuing use of anabolic steroids are noted as among risk factors of congestive heart failure. Statement of the problem Congestive heart failure contributes to a high number of readmission cases in elderly patients and accounts to up to a quarter of all hospitalization expenditure. Medical scientists have noted that congestive heart failure is not o nly a common indication of hospitalization in elderly patients but is also linked to early deaths and a high immortality rate among these patients (Rosamond Wet al. 2008, pp146). This study will interrogate the rates of readmission as compared to admission in a local hospital with a bed capacity of 300 patients. The study will only focus on elderly 65 and above regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, socio eco, status in life etc. admitted only with CHF and reasons ranges from non-compliance of med, no diet modification, smoking, and alcohol. No younger population or any less than 65 y/o. The research will narrow down to the readmission and admission rates for the period between January 2010 and March 2011 as well as the relevant data that will facilitate the development of a case management strategy (Krumholz et al 2000, pp 476).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Congestive heart failure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn M ore Appropriateness of Approach The research will use quantitative descriptive design by doing retrospective chart review of cases diagnosed with congestive heart failure admitted in the local hospital. The data will be gathered between dates of January 2010 up to March 2011 period. The quantitative design is appropriate for this study because of the numbers needed for the research. This is a chart review of the chf cases from dates mentioned. This will study the data of chf readmission and the reason for consult. Purpose of the research Role and bias of the researcher The research will embrace both qualitative and quantitative methods in collecting data relevant to the research. The mixed approach will allow the researcher to interrogate the individual patients based on their experiences as well as their reasons and factors surrounding their conditions. The research will be conducted for a whole year to capture an all round analysis of the situation in the local hospital (Hobbs et al 2002, pp214). Due to the lack of medical expertise, the researcher will employ the assistance of the doctors and nurses who have experience and have worked with the patients for a long time. Sampling technique The research will employ non-probability purposive sampling techniques in collecting data for the research. The patients admitted in the hospital come from different societal divides hence they cannot be easily identified not categorized. Further, the rate of admission and re- admission depends on a variety off factors that are beyond the control of this research and therefore crating a random environment. Appropriateness of Sampling Technique Non-probability purposive sampling allows the researcher to defeat the bias that may exist in the collection of data. The selection of a sample from a divergent population within a short time and also increases the accuracy of the research and ensures that the researcher maintains an objective perspective. Non-probability purposiv e sampling allows the researcher to cover a large sample size within a short period of time ensuring that the research is completed on time. Non-probability purposive sampling also reduces the costs involved in the research since it narrows down the population size (Able, et al 2007). Target Audience Congestive heart failure affects people of all ages since it is caused by a variety of factors. Among children, it is not very prevalent since children have a high chance of recovery correction and treatment (Raphael et al. 2007, pp 476). The condition is however more prevalent among the elderly and adult population. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research will therefore target the elderly population 65 y/o and above regardless of co morbidities as long as admitted or readmitted with chf. This represents a majority of the elderly dependent population with a few exceptions. Hypothesis The research will among other things satisfy the following hypothesis. Should answer the question as to why readmission or admission is high among elderly in the local hospital given the period of study. Provide the major reason for readmission Avail a possible solution, which will be the involvement of the case management, using multi disciplinary team approach. Methodology The research will engage both primary and secondary methods of data collection and analysis. Primary methods are more interactive and involve manual gathering of data from the subject phenomenon (Creswell 1994, p345). They involve collecting data for the first time. There are two commonly accepted primary approaches to research; the qualitative and the quantitative. Th e study will employ the use of chart review as its only primary method. This method allows the researcher to interrogate various aspects of the admission and re-admission rates(Aronow, W et al 1999). Instrument used The research will present the data in the form of a table that will indicate the number of admission/readmissions per month on the given dates in the local hospital in question. The table will also provide information on the reason for these results and an account of the trend and future prospect of re admission for the same month of admission. Data collection Data collection will begin by getting all charts for admission from January 2010 to March 2011 specifically for patients admitted with chf ages 65 and above. The procedure to be followed will be : chart review, collect data, tabulate the months, then a tabular presentation of the reasons for admission/ re-admission. This provides a diverse opinion that is diverse and constructive. (Wilkinson 199, p21). References A ronow, W et al (1999). â€Å"Comparison of incidence of congestive heart failure in older African-Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians.† Am J of Cardiol 84 (5): 611–2 Auble TE, et al (2007). â€Å"Comparison of four clinical prediction rules for estimating risk in heart failure†. Annals of emergency medicine 50 (2): 127–35, 135.e1–2 Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage p345. Ewald , et al (2008). â€Å"Meta-analysis of B type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro B natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of clinical heart failure and population screening for left ventricular systolic dysfunction†. Intern Med J 38 (2): 13–101 Hobbs et al ( 2002). â€Å"Impact of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction on quality of life: a cross-sectional study comparing common chronic cardiac and medical disorders and a representative adult population†. Eur. Heart J . 23 pp 214 Krumholz et al. (2000). â€Å"Predictors of readmission among elderly survivors of admission with heart failure†. Am. Heart J. 139 (1 Pt 1): 72–7. Raphael et al. (2007). â€Å"Limitations of the New York Heart Association functional classification system and self-reported walking distances in chronic heart failure†. Heart 93 (4): 82–476 Rosamond et al. (2008). â€Å"Heart disease and stroke statistics–2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee†. Circulation 117 (4): e25–146 Stewart et al (2002). â€Å"The current cost of heart failure to the National Health Service in the UK†. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 4 (3): 71–361. Wilkinson, A. M. (1991). The scientist’s handbook for writing papers and dissertations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall p 21. This essay on Congestive heart failure was written and submitted by user Danna V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Memoir 13 Key Elements of a Memoir You Need

How to Write a Memoir 13 Key Elements of a Memoir You Need How to Write a Memoir: 13 Key Elements of a Memoir You Need Learning how to write a memoir might seem simpleYou may think it easy to jot down details about your life in a cohesive, entertaining fashionbut there’s quite a bit more to.And you probably dont even know what youre missing.Memoirs can be very complex pieces of work. It takes a lot of skill and craft to be able to write down intimate details about your life for others to read and learn from. Which means learning how to write a memoir can be really hard.But the great part?Writing a memoir is both empowering and rewarding, and when broken down into these feasible steps, it’s something you can learn to master in no time.Heres how to write a memoir in 13 steps:Choose your memoir themeList associating memoriesAdd others related memoriesWrite your memoir truthfullyShow, dont tell in your memoirGet vulnerableMake connections with each storyAdd the impact in your life todayPut your personality into itWrite a memoir you want to readHow many people can say they wrote a book detai ling the most impactful moments of their lives?Not many.And by taking this leap and diving head first into your memories and entire life, you’re reaching new heights for yourself and you may even enlighten others by the end of your journey. What is a memoir?A memoir is a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources. Its a book about your life, the lessons learned, and key moments that shaped who you are.We all typically think of a memoir and cringe a little at the idea of a book about someone else’s life. But that’s not all a memoir is!Essentially, this is a book written by you about key moments in your life. You bring your memories to life in order to touch on an overarching message others can learn and grow from.Its like the highlight reel from your diary (if you ever had one) about the experiences that shaped your life.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing p rocess in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhat Qualifies as a Memoir?A memoir is unique in the fact that it covers your lifes events in a more story-like structure with an overarching theme or messaged written in.This means that how tos, motivational books, and other topics dont qualify as a memoir. Memoirs are very specific in the sense that it accounts for the entirety of your life with an emphasis on stories and impactful moments that lead to a great purpose.Writing a memoir is both empowering and rewarding, and when broken down into these feasible steps, it’s something you can learn to master in no time.Click To TweetMemoir DefinitionA memoir is a historical account written with personal knowledge and experience covering the lifetime of an individual, usually with a greater purpose or message within it.How is this different than an autobiography? I know what you’re thinking, â€Å"Aren’t they the same thing?†With so many genre s and writing terminology out there, knowing the differences between a memoir vs autobiography, (aka works of writing that are basicall the same) can be confusing.They’re both about someone’s life written by themselves, right? Right.But they do differ in a single way that really makes a memoir vs an autobiography completely different in terms of their end results.A memoir typically covers one aspect of a writer’s life (or a continuous theme through memories), while an autobiography is a chronological account of the writer’s life.So if you want to write a play-by-play of your entire life from the moment you popped into this world to the very second you started writing, you’d write an autobiography.But if you’re looking to share a profound message with the world through your own real-life experiences, you’ll write a memoir. How to Write a Memoir with Meaning and InfluenceWriting a memoir can not only be a valuable experience for you, bu t the impact it may have on other people is astounding too.You have a life worth something. You have experiences that led you to a very specific place in life, and you know what?Others have undoubtedly been in your shoes before and will benefit from you writing a book.Essentially, you can teach others how to get through what you did or even how to learn from their own journeys just as you have yours.That’s the meaning of a memoir and its influence knows no bounds.What are theKeyElementsofaMemoir?Writing a memoir can be difficult simply because it’s about your life. Somehow, we find it too hard to put our own lives into words through a meaningful message.How do you really sum up an accumulation of years and years of experience in only a couple hundred pages?We’ll help you learn how to write a memoir worth reading and sharing.History is written by the victors, but its victims who write the memoirs. ― Carol TavrisClick To Tweet#1 Choose your focus or theme A memoir isn’t just a list of all the experiences in your life. If it were, you’d call it an autobiography.What sets memoirs apart from a simple retelling of your life is an overarching theme or message that others can take away from it and that you personally learned from the stories you share.Think about what you want others to take away from reading your memoir.What will they learn or realize or gain from reading about your life? You can ask yourself those very same questions about your life to find the answers.What have you learned throughout your life? What’s the number 1 message that your experiences have taught you?Once you have that big, broad idea, the real work begins.#2 List all associating memoriesIt’s time to do a little mind mapping.Now that you know the overall theme and message of your memoir and what will set it apart, you have to connect the dots of your life to that core focus.Here are a few areas to think about specifically to help j og some of those memories in order to help you know how to write a memoir worth reading: There are so many areas that have a direct influence over how you perceive life as a whole. You just have to do a little digging to spark some specific memories that can circle back to the overarching theme of your memoir.#3 Add others’ related storiesI know this is a book about yourlife but it never hurts to back up your own experiences with someone else’s or many other people’s.Knowing how to write a memoir involves knowing when your message will be loudest. And that’s often with additional stories from others.Sometimes you cant always get the message across if only you have experienced it. To get readers to relate, you might have to show them that many people experience the same thing.One of the most powerful connections you can make to benefit from the message of your memoir is to show your readers that it’s not just you.Others have gone through the same situations you have and came out with the same perspective.This one requires some extensiv e research (and maybe even an interview or two), but possessing the ability to be credible in your readers’ eyes is crucial. And obviously, youll want to make sure youre using their experiences legally in your memoir.You can even interview family or friends who might see an experience you share differently than you.Adding those details will strengthen your core message.Heres a checklist of what your memoir should include in order to complete and at its best:Elements of a MemoirDetailsIntroductionA snippet of what your life is like now and why you're writing this memoirCore theme/messageEach memoir should have an overall theme or message that one can take away when they've finished reading.HonestyWriting a memoir without honesty will come across on the pages. Readers will be able to tell and will be pulled out of the book because of this.Entertainment valueNobody wants to read a memoir that's written like a textbook. Create entertainment value through the stories you tell.Supp orting storiesBecause you have an overall theme, it needs supporting stories from your life to back it up.Intriguing writingOnce again, a memoir is still a book and therefore, it cannot read like a textbook. Great writing is necessary for a great book.Overall arcYour life has an arc and your memoir's purpose is to show this through lessons learned from start to end.#4 Write truthfullyOne of the hardest parts about writing a memoir is the fact that we tend to be a wee bit biased with ourselves.*Gasp* You don’t say!It’s true. Nobody really likes to admit their faults. It’s one thing to recognize when you were wrong in life, it’s another to actually write it down for the world to see.It’s hard. We want everyone to see the best version of ourselves and therefore, we leave out details or flat out lie to seem â€Å"better† in their eyes.But that’s not what makes a good memoir. In order to learn how to write a memoir that really touches peo ple in deep, emotional ways, you have to learn to be honest.#5 Show, don’t tellNo, this doesn’t mean you have to write a picture book. That’s not what â€Å"show† means in this case.When it comes to creating intrigue with your writing and trust me, you want to do this, especially for a memoir you have to write by showing, not telling.For the sake of brevity, I’ll just give you an overview of this writing technique, but if you’re interested in mastering the ability to pull readers in, you can check out this detailed explanation.Essentially, showing versus telling is the way in which you describe your experiences with an emphasis on emotion.But that doesn’t mean you should write down every feeling you had during a specific time. In fact, that’s what you want to avoid.We’ll cover this in more detail below,but heres agreatvideooutlining this method↓ #6 Get vulnerableMemoirs are not a time to distance yourself from your inner feelings.Quite the opposite, actually.It’s time to dig deep and show the world what kind of author you are through your life experiences by getting vulnerable.Open yourself up to the truth behind who you are today. If you shield yourself in any way, it’s going to be obvious on the pages of your memoir and therefore, not as effective.At first, you may want to cringe while writing certain memories but after a few days, you’ll find it easier to share your truth.And best of all? You’ll be happy you did.#7 Make connections with each storyYou have your focus, right? Having that overarching message is going to help you tie all of your memories together in a cohesive manner.Each story you tell whether it’s yours or someone else’s has to connect to your focus in order for that theme to come across to your readers.But they don’t all have to directly relate to your focus.Some experiences may have led you to moments of realization that then led you to other events that tie into the main message you want others to gain from reading your memoir.Think of it this way: you want to connect the dots so by the time the readeris finished, the message comes full circle.#8 Talk about how everything affects your life todayUsually, writing a memoir is about looking back on your life and determining how you made it to who you are today. What events lead to the very core of who you are right now?That means your memoir will include inside peeks into your life as you live it now.Each chapter should bring your readers back to your presents to EmulateSometimes its easier to learn by example. That way, you can fully comprehend what a memoir is in order to write your own.These are famous memoir examples:A Moveable Feast by Ernest HemingwayWest with the Night by Beryl MarkhamPersonal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant by Ulysses GrantOut of Africa by Isak DinesenThe Story of My Life by Helen KellerI Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Talibanby Malala YousafzaiReading Lolita in Tehranby Azar Nafisi.My Beloved Worldby Sonia SotomayorFun Homeby Alison BechdelHunger: A Memoir of (My) Bodyby Roxane GayMemoir examples by our own students:Mile-High Missionary: A Jungle Pilots Memoir by Jim ManleyWalking My Momma Home: Finding Love, Grace, and Acceptance Through the Labyrinth of Dementia by Kathy FloraPrayers, Punk Rock and Pastryby Chris StewartBare Naked Bravery: How to Be Creatively Courageous by Emily Ann PetersonShift Happens: Turning Your Stumbling Blocks into Stepping Stones by Jill RogersThis is the Story of Your LifeThe biggest takeaway here is that this is your story, it’s your life, and therefore, it should be told just as you want it to be.There’s nothing more freeing than having the ability to articulate your life experiences in a way that will truly speak to others and potentially change their lives.Do you want to change lives and help others through the same tur moil you’ve experienced? By self-publishing your memoir, you’ll be rewarded for all of your honest hard work with more than just additional income.You will be responsible for changing and shaping the lives of others.Start Your Memoir TODAY!The work doesn’t just stop when you learn how to write a memoir.In fact, it’s just beginning! Here are a few steps you can use to start your memoir and make some progress.#1 Begin your trainingIts NEVER too early to start working toward your dreams and goals of becoming an author. In fact, you shouldnt waste any time!

Renovascular Hypertension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Renovascular Hypertension - Essay Example Renovascular hypertension may be also caused by malignant hypertension or renal artery stenosis. The most common cause of renovascular hypertension is artery stenosis, a narrowing of the artery pathway due to a buildup of plaque. The low blood flow to the kidneys results in an increase in the production of renin, which results in peripheral arteries to constrict and raising the body's blood pressure. Renovascular hypertension is evident in approximately 6 out of 100,000 people (Renovascular Hypertension 2006). Age of onset varies depending on the cause but is most common in men over the age of 45 with atherosclerosis, and in women under the age of 45 with fibromuscular dysplasia (Renovascular Hypertension 2006). Children with fibromuscular dysplasia are at high risk as are people whose diets are high in salt, heavy metals, suffer stress, or have a family history of renovascular hypertension. A patient that has unusually high blood pressure for an extended time that is difficult to control should be suspect for renovascular hypertension. In addition, the presence of abdominal, epigastric or flank bruit, a noticeable decrease in kidney size, or a recurrent pulmonary edema may also be noticed in a patient suffering from renovascular hypertension.

What Is The Level Of Agricultural Protectionism In The Developed World Essay

What Is The Level Of Agricultural Protectionism In The Developed World And Why Does It Occur - Essay Example Avoiding too much importing will protect the countries, especially developed, to lose the balance of trade as well as local businesses in their country. It protects its countries local industries to decline. According to Hussein Haeri, 'Agricultural protectionism' in the European Union takes many guises, such as "domestic support policies, import barriers, and export subsidies,3" to name a few measures. In fact, the European Common Agricultural Policy accounts for almost half of the European Union's budget. This results in significant distortions in both European and international agricultural markets. (Haeri, 2001) In the event of educating the poorer countries with regards to the benefits of 'free trade' the EU adopts and formulated policies, which restrain the trading of agricultural products freely or at a lower tariff. While the rich gets richer and the poor gets poorer, some rich countries are hiding in disguises. Agricultural protectionism occurs because when tariff levels are low, the productivity of the farms of the developed countries will be low. It is not difficult to see why price supports for dairy, sugar, peanuts, tobacco, and other U.S. farm products have led to protectionist policies. In recent years, for example, domestic prices of U.S. dairy products frequently have been two to three times world prices. The case of sugar, for which domestic price in mid-1986 was about four times world price, is even more dramatic. Without rigid import controls, consumers would undermine domestic price support programs by substituting lower priced imports for price-supported products including sugar, butter, cheese, and peanuts. (Pasour, n.d) 2.b) What form does it take and effect does it have. Agricultural protectionism comes in discreet forms. They over ride in domestic support policies, import barriers, and export subsidies. The effects of agricultural protectionism are: Farmers and other workers are not permitted to do their activities such as farming, etc. It is their field and because of agricultural protectionism, they are not allowed to do their job of which they are most productive. If farmers and other workers can't do their forte, they cannot gain enough income and benefits, thus they became poor. Billions of dollars of taxpayer subsidies are paid to U.S, European and Japanese farmers which depress world prices and make it tougher for our farmers to earn a decent return for their hard work," Mr Vaile said. (Vaile, 2005) The high global cost of goods deprives the poor ones to buy enough for their living. Commercialize agricultural goods that are not usually good for the health. Flooding of their (developing countries) domestic market (import surges) with products sold on the world market at less than their cost of production. (n.d) Displacement of local trading capacity which was intended to, and in some circumstances initially did, fill the void left following the deregulation of local markets and associated dismantling of parastatals. (n.d) Worsen the global poverty by imposing high import tariffs for small or developing countries, so instead of pulling up those developing countries, many of which have dived down to poverty due to these factors. Increased tradeproblems, tensions and job losses. For sugar, the deterioration of economic conditions which initially curtailed imports into major Asian markets has also led to a substantial drop in imports into the Russian. (FAO, n.d) Tight supplies in the vegetable oil market, particularly emanating from a drought-induced contraction in palm oil availability from major Asian producing countries, boosted prices, while oilmeal prices suffered from a decline in the demand for animal feeds in crisis-affected regions, accentuated by abundant supplies of

Clinical Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Clinical Psychology - Essay Example In this disorder, the patient may at one point, feel very low or depressed; in another instant, he may feel very high and elated. The depressed mood usually manifests in the patient first; so a patient may be diagnosed first as clinically depressed then later, when manic episodes manifest, he may be diagnosed with bipolar disorder (National Health Services, 2009). Because of the erratic manifestations of this disease, it is often misdiagnosed as either clinical depression or schizophrenia. Most often, for many years, patients are treated for the wrong illness and manifestations seem to indicate that applied interventions are not effective for the patients. Consequently, this disease has become an important concern among mental health professionals and among sufferers. Latest figures from the World Health Organization (as cited by the Australia Bipolar Schizoaffective Support Network, 2008) reveal that bipolar disorder is the 6th leading cause of disability in the world, with women 3 times more likely than men to experience rapid cycling. Women are also more likely to experience depressive and mixed moods as compared to men; and women are more likely to be misdiagnosed as depressed and men would most likely be diagnosed as schizophrenic (Australia Bipolar Schizoaffective Support Network, 2008). As was previously mentioned, instances of misdiagnosis is prevalent in bipolar disorders and the World Health Organization (as cited by Australia Bipolar Schizoaffective Support Network, 2008) affirms this fact as they reveal that only 1 person in 4 is likely to receive an accurate diagnosis for this disease. This disease has also been known to cause 9.2 years reduction in the expected life span of bipolar patients (Australia Bipolar Schizoaffective Support Network, 2008). Based on statistics from the Department of Health in the United Kingdom, they reveal that bipolar

The Uk Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Uk Tourism Industry Tourism Essay This report looks at the strategy evaluation of the UK tourism industry to be implemented. Firstly, the paper provides the background information to the UK tourism industry issues within the last few years. There is depicted a place of tourism industry in the United Kingdom regarding the economy and law regulations. Moreover, the paper determines the current issues of improving this kind of industry. The role of Visit Britain is indicated as well because it is the crucial tourist organisation that enables the UK to hold its position along with the competing markets and sustains the country to be the leading international attraction for tourist, proved by the seventh rate place in the world for visitor quantity. Hence, every year Visit Britain runs its promoting campaign to accomplish the key objectives of increasing and maintaining the level of the tourist industry inbound and outbound, such as to enhance the quantity of tourists for a period after Olympic Games drawing the precise attention to the Chinese tourists. In order to achieve those goals there are a few issues of the tourist industry indicated in this report. The section dedicated to the target group focus, namely the UK visitors, analyse the main features of encouraging tourists, especially Chinese, to this kind of industry, declared by the UK government as the leading key objective. Some of them are to investigate and analyse the obstacles that occur therewith to ease an extent of making the country more accessible and affordable. Moreover, the report offers the possible suggestions for such issues. In addition, the paper analyses product presentation in campaign put on market by Visit Britain and the country government for a period before the Olympic Games. The report determines pros and cons of this campaign, and consequences appeared in the framework of its application. Importance of the UK competitive markets is briefly drawn. The key point is to evaluate the statistics of visitor quantity and spend in the UK and other competitors. The strategic options and suggestions are provided in the report as the main markers of increasing the tourism industry in the UK. Introduction Tourism industry is regarded as the essential market sector in the United Kingdoms economy. A lot of strengths and efforts have already been given to attract the home and foreign visitors to visit the countrys spectaculars, especially the Olympic Games 2012, hence, the UK government is dedicated to engage even more visitors and gain more profits. Visit Britain is the one of tourist organisations that creates and implements the special measures for increasing the UK popularity among tourists. Methodology In order to collect information for the report analysis the electronic and written sources were applied. This information generated was mostly obtained from the market reports and statistics provided by the tourist organisations, such as Visit Britain, Institute of Travel and Tourism, Tourism Alliance, Tourism Management Institute, Tourism Consultants Network, Office for National Statistics and International Euromonitor. The data collected has been analysed and evaluated in order to formulate the strategic variants and recommendations. There were applied a few analytical schemes, such as Porters competitive position model. The information provided was managed in this report. Evaluation of Findings According to the Tourism Alliance Tourism for Growth (2009)à Ã‚ ± the United Kingdom has a great potential for improving the economy and condition, such as employment availability, from the tourism industry. As a proof of the above mentioned was issued the major study Economic Contribution of the Visitor Economy: UK and the Nations (2010) that states there is a wide space to develop domestic and inbound types of tourist industry up to  £58b (3,5%) within the next decade. Moreover, the Visit Englands English Tourism Strategy provides the depiction of the possible potential increase in the tourism value: In addition, there is the possibility that the outbound tourism rates in the UK will heighten at the same pace, the tourism value could be up to  £400b within the next decade. Thus, such situation would accumulate an evaluated 700,000 additional workplaces in all sectors of the UK. This sets the important fact that the revenue gained from this activities will be distributed among cities, towns and rural plots, described in the diagram as follows (Economic Contribution of the Visitor Economy: UK and the Nations (2010)): Tourism is regarded as the sixth largest industry in the UK bringing to  £105b income every year. The main sectors of the tourism industry in the UK are hospitality, attractions, events, visitor transport, education and tourism services. For the period, when there is the Olympics promoting campaign of the UK tourist organisations, the extent to which this campaign is successful is shown in the table provided by Visit Britain corporate website: It is considered to engage the Chinese visitors into the UK which can be explained only by the reason that the development of India and China makes those countries the possible target for worldwide tourism. The government of the United Kingdom clears out the situation by stating the will to start the GREAT campaign, at first in these countries. The product presentation over the years has gradually changed its position according to the Tourism Policy Report (2009) where is depicted the table of the most competitive countries in years of 2007-2009: Key Issues The information gathered in the report assumes the following issues identified: The inability to keep up with international competitors for attracting customers from countries with substantial population due to strict visa regimes The insufficient level of providing service performed by tourism organisations Tourism industry does not always correspond to the requirements of green living and sustainability Strategy Options The first key strategy task is to make improvements of competitiveness internationally. According to the information, within 2010-2011 the product competitive status in the UK domestic tourism has decreased. The reason for this was stipulated by the Government that has increased Air Passenger Duty, VAT and visa charges, while some competitive countries have lowered the same prices. For instance, a four-member family form China will have to pay at least  £600 for a visit to the UK in comparison with  £200 to the countries of Schengen zone (Report 2011, 7 p.). Moreover, the parallel of prices for accommodation and catering between the UK and other competing countries is twice as much. In such a way, the UK economy suffers a lot and loses the valuable income. Thus, tourists will count for the charges and those with low and medium income would prefer to use cheaper countrys tourism. To increase the competitiveness with other tourist countries, the following main options should be tak en into account and implemented as soon as possible by the UK government: The government should be in touch with the charges reduction in other competitive countries, and it should make everything possible to lessen VAT on tourist services. Moreover, when the government should take into account the average European rate, and if it lowers, they should take some measures to make the tourism industry more attractable and profitable. The government should make the visa process easier and make the application guidance forms better. They should also take a notice of constraints and limiting conditions about visa accessibility and any other rules and regulations. The government should support the aviation by helping tourists ease the procedure in an appropriate way. The second key strategy task is to decrease the poor and excessive regulation level. In fact the organisations of tourism industry are under heavier pressure than any other UK sectors. Hence, the Tourism Alliance conducted a thorough analysis about the preferable legislative changes. With help of the UK government the tourism organisations, especially SMEs, will have the greater opportunity to create jobs and accumulate their development. In order to relieve the impact of the poor and excessive regulation level, the possible key options may be taken into consideration: The creation of the Tourism Regulation Task Force will follow all requisite regulations in implementing the empirical, cost-effective and profitable measures. The sector as the tourism industry should be seriously considered as the vital source for the economy improvement by the new and altered legislation. The third key strategy task is to enhance the level of quality and skills. As the customer needs and beliefs about the tourism services are always rising, the level of providing such services should be high. It is considered that the developments in the workforce training and education are necessary if the UK is willing to hold its positions in the world market. Although it is the liability of the organisations that provide the tourist services on the local level, there are also some regulations and rules submitted only by the government. In most cases it is connected to the no public financing. Moreover, the difference between the big businesses and the small ones are pretty obvious as the former may afford the staff training while the latter may not. The possible main options may be as follows: To engage small tourism businesses into the estimated revenue from the Olympics Games 2012 To monitor whether the self-financing quality schemes follow the demand of tourists and whether the small organisations of the tourism industry correspond to the regulatory standards. To ensure organisations of the tourism industry in the UK in the fact that tax incentives will provide the high quality of the products offered. The fourth strategic task is to develop and increase a level of sustainability although the tourism industry is already such kind of institution. It assists and supplies any kind of services that is in demand, and sometimes the level of environmental impact is neglected. Hence, the tourism industry should be examined on keeping the appropriate level of sustainability. The possible strategic options may be the following ones: To assist programmes that enable the organisations of the tourism industry run more environmentally-friendly. To present the Daylight Saving in order to accomplish the evaluated profits of the tourism per annum, such as  £2.5  £3.5b, and to create new workplaces by 70,000, as investigated the Policy Studies Institute in 2008. To engage the tourism organisations to create and implement strategies that will stimulate visitors to get known to the sustainability. To comply with the tourists needs and demands concerning the transport means. The fifth one is to engage public financing in order to improve the public profit. The persistent cuts of public financing assets of such organisations as Visit Britain and Visit England constitute an issue that may be effectively eliminated by more useful utilisation of the Government support existed. Naturally these cuts reflect to the lesser revenue from the tourism industry. The Olympic Games is the additional source of income for the UK economy. There was an assumption that the Olympics may provide  £2b extra as a tourism income. As bright evidence the Visit Britain and its promotional campaign helps to gain  £12.5m annually for public finds. The bigger the public financing into the tourism industry in the UK will be, the greater the investments into the public sector will become. The strategic options may be offered as follows: The government should increase financing to Visit Britain in order to improve its competitive intelligence and the potential for the Olympic Games realisation to be accomplished. The government should be aware of the stable funding of Visit England with the purpose to fulfil the objectives of the Government Tourism Policy. In order to strengthen the marketing abroad the effectiveness between Visit Britain, the National Boards and London should be maintained and succeeded. The UK government should provide all requisite assistance in establishing the tourism network that will be functioning in England with complete cooperation among Visit England, destination Management Organisations, and organisations of the tourism industry. The idea of fulfilling the tasks of the Government Tourism Policy will be completed in order to implement the Tourism Strategy. The government in the UK should be open to new funding sources whether they are private or from other countries, perhaps competing ones. Moreover, the appreciation should be directed to the Regional Growth Fund by the government. The UK authorities should guide the local business partnerships concerning the demands and opportunities of the tourism organisations. Conclusions The United Kingdom has got the integral features that has and will have the essential meaning for the tourism sector development, particularly visitor attraction. The country has the significant historical background and cultural heritage. It is also the attraction to the English-speakers who would like to feel comfortable in actually foreign country. Moreover, it encourages some students to visit this country in order to improve their English skills as it is a source of original English language. In addition, the United Kingdom is a centre of valuable sport and music events, e.g. the Olympic Games. The United Kingdoms tourism industry has a wide range of opportunities. Among of them are to investigate new markets and to find new niche in the existing ones; to incorporate new cultural events, such as modern music styles, or up-to-date art approaches. However, due to some constraints and limiting conditions, the UK economy has got some losses. In order to visit this country and to have the full-fledged rest or holiday, the issue will become the high charges for everything, beginning from a flight ticket to the accommodation and catering, excluding all cultural arrangements. Moreover, the issue may be the process of obtaining visa to the UK. At the same time the UK economy and the tourism industry in particular face the actual negative impact of the above mentioned problems, which is the fact other countries with the quite the same services and opportunities are much easier to visit than the United Kingdom. Hence, a number of tourists would rather have fewer problems and visit another country, e.g. USA, Italy, etc., than they would rather have a lot of inconvenient situations and issues. To summarise, the United Kingdom tourism industry has a huge potential for growth that has not been developed yet, and the government should take into consideration all options and recommendations suggested. The first step was taken by Visit Britain and Visit England that eagerly make the attempts to popularise its own country and to engage into altering this sector structure in an appropriate way so that the UK economy will have some profit. Annotated Bibliography Evans, N Campbell, D and Stonehouse, G (2003). Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism: Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Chapter 7, 15. In Chapter 7 the authors apply the STEEP approach with the purpose to analyse the outdoor environment. Moreover, it is related to the tourism case studies as a bright example of the approach implementation. In Chapter 15 the authors provides the distinctive ways to comprehending each strategy. They also depict the critical background of every approach along with its pros and cons. Penrose John MP. Government Tourism Policy. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. UK. March 2011, 52 p. This work is devoted to the tourism industry in the UK in general and to the tourism organisations, such as Visit Britain and Visit England, in particular. Furthermore, the work introduces the crucial drivers of the UK economy and the issues both existing and possible. Porter, M (1996) What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec. This is an article where the author represents the wide range of problems while defining the actual meaning of a strategy. Tourism Alliance (2012). Annual Report 2012. Available at: . This document provides the insight into the activities of the Chairman, Policy Director and the Tourism Alliance in general. To be precise, it is dedicated to key policy objectives and financial report figures for the year of 2012 in the UK tourism industry. Deloitte Touche LLP. (2010) The Economic Contribution of the Visitor Economy: UK and the Nations. Oxford Economics. June 2010. The work introduces the general image of UK Visitor Economy, its structure, its dynamics and contribution into the UK economy status in general. The information presented in clearly comprehended via various schemes and diagrams provided.

The Jungle :: essays research papers

Sinclair's book ,The Jungle probably had to do the most with the fact that he himself was a Socialist. He was brought up in Baltimore, and his family was considerately poor. His father was not very successful at his job and for this reason it seems good to believe he became a Socialist because in communist countries it is said that all people are treated equal. An opposite of this book would be "‚Animal Farm", which Sinclair has probably never read. This other novel shows the bad sides of Socialism and it ends with the rules saying, "All animals are considered equal, but some are more equal than others". In this book it shows that a hard worker is not rewarded and is only disposed of once he becomes a burden. The life of Sinclair and his book is reflected upon only because he uses his opinions in the book. In his book, he made a financial breakthrough and had his first successful novel. Sinclair has written many books dealing with the problems of capitalism and the solutions of communism which is not fair because he writes nothing good of capitalism and it's benefits. He also wrote other books on his wisdom he had gained and relegion. He frequently tried for office but never succeeded. His publications were originally made mostly by publishing them himself. The story itself takes place in Chicago with a group of immigrants. They come to the U.S. and discover it's a cruel, harsh world. First, though, this group goes through a series of trials. The first is a marr iage which costs much money, and the second is a death. After this, comes a house which is sold to the one couple for three times the value of the house. It's at this time that the parents and other groups move into this house. One character goes into a meat packing business where he learns of unsanitary conditions. The second is a musician which is currently down on his luck and his wife goes out to work. After a while the first character breaks his arm and loses time at work and is then

Organizational Behaviour

Organizations and Behavior Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture4 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organization’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. 6 Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership†¦ 7 2. 1 compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations7 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management7 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations8 Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations†¦.. 9 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change9 3. Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace9 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers10 Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations12 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations12 4. evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Introduction: The employees of an organization can be motivated by the continuous organizational culture and the structural representation of the company. The assignment involves the comprehension of the relationship betw een organizational culture and structure, the leadership approaches, the basic concepts about motivation etc.Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational culture can be reflected through the systematic procedure of the organizational structure. Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture. 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culturesAccording to  Schein  (1992), culture is the most difficult organizational attribute to change, outlasting organizational products, services, founders and leadership and all other physical attributes of the organization. Culture and structure is working like a backbone in the organization. It creates a new concepts and strategies which can affect any level of planning. When it applies on any hierarchy organizati on. So then implications of organizational culture and structure will be implemented to the government companies etc. Different form of Organization Cultures: * Power Culture * Person culture * Task Culture Role Culture Power culture is centralized this culture may found in the small kinds a business control is the basic element the decision maker is alone there is no consultancy the organization may react quickly to the danger. Basically this kind of culture is a welfare non profitable, charities and for the social activities. This kind of culture can be in the group or individual aim. It is basically a team work based approach to complete a particular task. This culture is more common the business where the organization will establish a project team to complete the project in the particular time.Common in most organizations today is a role culture. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular rol e. Different form of Organization Structures: * Functional structure: * Divisional structure: * Matrix structure: Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks. This leads to operational efficiencies within that group. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.Also called a â€Å"product structure†, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division may have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. 1. Explain how the relationship between an organizatio n’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. For an organisation to achieve its goals and objectives there must be harmony between its structure and culture. If the two are not compatible then it will become harder for the organisation to achieve its objectives and in the long run may even threaten the existence of the organization. An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. (Pugh, D. S. ed. 1990). Organization culture is the set of values, rules, beliefs, attitudes and regulations these factors can help members of the organization to know how we will Work. For example, Shell Company is the biggest multinational company with many product lines. Employees are functional specialists trained according to the product or market distribution. Develop the behavior of employees they develop culture which they need. Culture depen ds upon the nature of employees it according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to new environment.Every organization has their own culture and structure it’s very important for every organization in a culture there are many people belonging to the different groups. Every organization needs good culture, good social norms, valves and ethical behavior. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. How individuals behave and how organisations can motivate them to give more to the organisation has been the subject of various research and many well known writers have written books on this subject.The behavior of people and other organisms or even mechanisms falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual’s entire lifetime. The factors and the emerging points tha t influence the individual behavior at work are referred below: * Ability to perform a job * Attitude to the organization * Motivational factors * Organizational Culture and faith * Present Condition of the Individual Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations Different form of leadership styles of leadership are refereeing below: * Authoritarian: The authoritarian leadership style is when the leader spends most of his time giving out instructions. This type of leader tells their followers what to do, how to do it and when to do it. * Autocratic leadership: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. * Delegative Leadership: In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions.However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. * Democratic / Participative: The democratic leader on the other hand, encourages follower to participate and give ideas. This type of leader allows the others to get involved in the decision making process. * Democratic leadership: This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it).However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers were more talented than others, and that even smart ones were often unmotivated. He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. Taylor used the term â€Å"soldiering† and observed that, when paid the same amount, workers wi ll tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does.Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company.If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. 2. 3 evaluate the different a pproaches to management used by different organizations One of the reasons why managers are having such difficulty in applying management methods to government problems is this: there are many different schools of thought on management approaches, and each of these schools has its own proponents.Generally, an original proponent makes his or her name in that particular concept, and becomes an ‘expert' and a ‘guru' of it. There is little incentive to integrate this one approach with others. ————————————————- Management flexibility ————————————————- A manager who only has experience in one approach, such as project management, may have difficulty in adapting to changing demands. A manager can be much more effective if he or she is able to select a manage ment approach that is most appropriate to the desired need or goal.This adaptability or ‘eclectic' flexibility may prove very useful in the changing government management environment. The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporation's managerial approach and production system. Toyota first summed up its philosophy, values and manufacturing ideals in 2001, calling it â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001. † It consists of principles in two key areas: continuous improvement, and respect for people. Liker (2004), calls the Toyota Way, â€Å"a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work. The system can be summarized in 14 principles. ————————————————- ————————————————- —†”——————————————- ————————————————- Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change Motivation can be considered in two major modes, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is that which comes from within the individual, team, group, or organization.Its execution brings about production and self-actualization. Extrinsic motivation is that which originates outside of the individual or organization under scrutiny. The fulfillment of external motivation results in what Lawler (1973) calls social rewards. Dyer, (1972) defines three areas affected by motivation. A Change in amount, quality, or direction of performance. Moti vation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal.In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives. Developing leadership culture all starts with you and all your colleagues in senior leadership . Three statements can be pointed that would not find in the treatment of change . First, in this new world order, your new work as a leader is about developing culture and talents not about assigning it to someone else that all culture development & change starts with you. Second, the key to successful transformation is doing the work in the senior leadership culture first before taking the change to middle of the organization†¦Third ,transformation is serious it work for serious people, it is about getting bigger minds to deal with attachments bigger and complex issues that will c ontinue to confront you, your leadership and your organization 3. 2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal. In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives.Motivation Theories – Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognition is any element of knowledge – an attitude, emotion, belief, value, behavior, etc. When two cognitions are in direct conflict with one another a state of anxiety is produced – dissonance is the term for the anxiety. Compatible cognitions are consonant – i. e. they are in harmony. A classic example of Cognitive Dissonance is holding the belief that â€Å"smoking is bad for you† while continuing the behavior of smoking. These two cognitions are in direct conflict with each other.The belief that smoking is bad is part of one neural network – perhaps associated with health and fitness – while the behavior of smoking is part of another network having to do with tension management, how to hang with friends, or the like. So, these cognitions exist in different locations in the brain. Both are trying to accomplish something important for the self – tension management and hanging with friends is important. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a six-level hierarchy of needs that motivate or drive human behavior.I believe that each of these needs must be met in order for one to achieve happiness. Maslow progressively ranks human needs as follows: †¢Physiological – food, shelter, clothing †¢Security and safety †¢Love and feelings of belonging †¢Competence, prestige, and esteem †¢Curiosity and the need to know †¢Self-Actualization 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- * Builds friendly relationship Improves level of efficiency of employees * Leads to achievement of organizational goals * Leads to stability of work force * Puts human resources into action Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous X-Y theory in his 1960 book ‘The Human Side Of Enterprise'. McGregor's XY Theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving organizational culture. McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results.Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4. 1 explain the nature of gro ups and group behavior within organizations Groups may be classified into two different types: * Informal groups * Formal groups Formal Groups: Formal groups are created to achieve set goals and have specific responsibilities within an organization. Formal groups within organizations are known as work teams or simply teams.Examples of work teams include, call centre teams and project teams. Informal Groups: Informal groups consist of alliances that have no formal structure. Informal or social clubs. For instance, unless the HRD function communicates the policies clearly and cogently, the employees would not participate and comply with them wholeheartedly. Hence, molding group behavior is important for organizations. However, this cannot be construed to mean that all employees must think and act alike. On the contrary, innovation cannot happen when group behavior is the same across all levels. 4. discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in org anizations. Creating and sustaining effective teamwork requires persistent renewal and discovery of good practice. Organisations which try to create positive relationships between employees and makes each employee feel as part of the community, will have a greater chance of achieving effective teamwork across the organisation. An effective team requires cohesion that is held together by several factors. In order to understand how to assemble an efficient team, first need to know the factors affecting effective teamwork.The factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in organizations are: * Communication skills and process * Inter-team co-operation. * Leadership Technique * Task effectiveness * Team dynamism * Team innovation * Team member’s well-being * Team viability * Team working environment, process or tools 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. New technology has been injected into the workpl ace at an exponentially increasing rate Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace.The introduction of technology, especially information technology has changed composition of existing team models and has introduced new team models such as virtual teams. Powell, Piccoli and Ives (2004), define virtual teams in their literature review article â€Å"as groups of geographically, organizationally and/or time dispersed workers brought together by information and telecommunication technologies to accomplish one or more organizational tasks. Conclusion An organization can do better through the practice of Team work and proper utilization of technologies and resources. In the report we have overlooked different management approaches, styles and the motivational approaches which can reflect through the organization structures and culture. So consequently the organization must review the tasks that hav e been performing according to the management plan and identify the best way to act Organizational Behaviour 1.What is the importance of interpersonal skills? The importance of interpersonal skills is that you need to understand how to deal with other people and involve your acceptance of others, without prejudice in order to achieve your task. 2.What do managers do in terms of functions, roles, and skills? Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. Managers are the people to whom this management task is assigned. In terms of Functions, Managers do Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling. To be an effective manager, it is necessary to possess many skills. Not all managers have all the skills that would make them the most effective manager. As technology advances and grows, the skills that are needed by managers are constantly changing. Different levels of management in the organizational structure also require different types of management skills. Generally, however, managers need to have communication skills, human skills, computer skills, time-management skills, and technical skills. 3.What is organizational behavior (OB)?. Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of the organization itself and also of the interface between human behavior and the organization. A field that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organizations in order to achieve the goals. 4.Why is it important to complement intuition with systematic study? Consciously or unconsciously we are all students of behavior. We observe others and attempt to interpret what we see. We â€Å"read† people all the time and even attempt to predict what they might do under different sets of conditions. We develop some generalizations in explaining and predicting what people do and will do. These generalizations come as a result of observing, sensing, asking, listening, and reading, or else secondhand through the experience of others. There are certain fundamental consistencies underlying the behavior of all individuals that can be identified and used to alter conclusions based on individual differences. The consistencies allow predictability. Systematic study means looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence; that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner. Systematic study replaces intuition or those â€Å"gut feelings† you often hear experienced managers talk about. While some of our appraisals may prove highly effective in explaining and predicting the behavior of others, we all carry with us a number of beliefs that frequently fail to explain why people do what they do. This occurs because many of the views we hold concerning human behavior are based on intuition rather than fact. There is a better way; a systematic approach to the study of behavior can improve your explanatory and predictive abilities and will uncover important facts and relationships, and provide a base from which more accurate predictions of behavior can be made. Most behavior does not occur randomly; it generally has a cause caused and direction based upon some end that the individual believes, rightly or wrongly, is in his or her best interest. Because of differences between individuals even in similar situations, people do not all act alike. 5.What are the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB? The major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB are such as Psychology, Sociology, Social psychology, Anthropology and Political science. 6.Why are there few absolutes in OB? There are few, if any, simple and universal principles that explain organizational behavior. There are laws in the physical science-chemistry, astronomy, physics – that are consistent and apply in a wide range of situations. They allow scientists to generalize about the pull of gravity or to be confident about sending astronauts into space repair satellite. But as a noted behavioral researcher aptly concluded, â€Å"god gave all the easy problems to the physicists†. Human being are complete, because they are not alike, our ability to make simple, accurate and sweeping generalizations is limited. Two people often act very differently in the same situation, and the same person’s behavior changes in different situations. For instance, not everyone is motivated by money, and you behave differently at church on Sunday than you did at the party the night before. That doesn’t mean, of course that we can’t offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behavior or make valid predictions. However, it does mean that OB concepts must reflect situational, or contingency, conditions. We can say that x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z. the science of OB was developed by using general concepts and then altering their application to the particular situations. So, for example, OB scholars would avoid stating that effective leaders should always seek the ideas of their follower before making the decision. Rather, in some situations participative style is clearly superior. But, in other situations, an autocratic decision-making style is more effective. In other words, the effectiveness of a particular leadership style is contingent on the situation in which it’s used. Organizational Behaviour Organizations and Behavior Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture4 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organization’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. 6 Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership†¦ 7 2. 1 compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations7 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management7 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations8 Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations†¦.. 9 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change9 3. Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace9 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers10 Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations12 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations12 4. evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Introduction: The employees of an organization can be motivated by the continuous organizational culture and the structural representation of the company. The assignment involves the comprehension of the relationship betw een organizational culture and structure, the leadership approaches, the basic concepts about motivation etc.Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational culture can be reflected through the systematic procedure of the organizational structure. Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture. 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culturesAccording to  Schein  (1992), culture is the most difficult organizational attribute to change, outlasting organizational products, services, founders and leadership and all other physical attributes of the organization. Culture and structure is working like a backbone in the organization. It creates a new concepts and strategies which can affect any level of planning. When it applies on any hierarchy organizati on. So then implications of organizational culture and structure will be implemented to the government companies etc. Different form of Organization Cultures: * Power Culture * Person culture * Task Culture Role Culture Power culture is centralized this culture may found in the small kinds a business control is the basic element the decision maker is alone there is no consultancy the organization may react quickly to the danger. Basically this kind of culture is a welfare non profitable, charities and for the social activities. This kind of culture can be in the group or individual aim. It is basically a team work based approach to complete a particular task. This culture is more common the business where the organization will establish a project team to complete the project in the particular time.Common in most organizations today is a role culture. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular rol e. Different form of Organization Structures: * Functional structure: * Divisional structure: * Matrix structure: Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks. This leads to operational efficiencies within that group. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.Also called a â€Å"product structure†, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division may have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. 1. Explain how the relationship between an organizatio n’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. For an organisation to achieve its goals and objectives there must be harmony between its structure and culture. If the two are not compatible then it will become harder for the organisation to achieve its objectives and in the long run may even threaten the existence of the organization. An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. (Pugh, D. S. ed. 1990). Organization culture is the set of values, rules, beliefs, attitudes and regulations these factors can help members of the organization to know how we will Work. For example, Shell Company is the biggest multinational company with many product lines. Employees are functional specialists trained according to the product or market distribution. Develop the behavior of employees they develop culture which they need. Culture depen ds upon the nature of employees it according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to new environment.Every organization has their own culture and structure it’s very important for every organization in a culture there are many people belonging to the different groups. Every organization needs good culture, good social norms, valves and ethical behavior. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. How individuals behave and how organisations can motivate them to give more to the organisation has been the subject of various research and many well known writers have written books on this subject.The behavior of people and other organisms or even mechanisms falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual’s entire lifetime. The factors and the emerging points tha t influence the individual behavior at work are referred below: * Ability to perform a job * Attitude to the organization * Motivational factors * Organizational Culture and faith * Present Condition of the Individual Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations Different form of leadership styles of leadership are refereeing below: * Authoritarian: The authoritarian leadership style is when the leader spends most of his time giving out instructions. This type of leader tells their followers what to do, how to do it and when to do it. * Autocratic leadership: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. * Delegative Leadership: In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions.However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. * Democratic / Participative: The democratic leader on the other hand, encourages follower to participate and give ideas. This type of leader allows the others to get involved in the decision making process. * Democratic leadership: This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it).However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers were more talented than others, and that even smart ones were often unmotivated. He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. Taylor used the term â€Å"soldiering† and observed that, when paid the same amount, workers wi ll tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does.Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company.If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. 2. 3 evaluate the different a pproaches to management used by different organizations One of the reasons why managers are having such difficulty in applying management methods to government problems is this: there are many different schools of thought on management approaches, and each of these schools has its own proponents.Generally, an original proponent makes his or her name in that particular concept, and becomes an ‘expert' and a ‘guru' of it. There is little incentive to integrate this one approach with others. ————————————————- Management flexibility ————————————————- A manager who only has experience in one approach, such as project management, may have difficulty in adapting to changing demands. A manager can be much more effective if he or she is able to select a manage ment approach that is most appropriate to the desired need or goal.This adaptability or ‘eclectic' flexibility may prove very useful in the changing government management environment. The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporation's managerial approach and production system. Toyota first summed up its philosophy, values and manufacturing ideals in 2001, calling it â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001. † It consists of principles in two key areas: continuous improvement, and respect for people. Liker (2004), calls the Toyota Way, â€Å"a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work. The system can be summarized in 14 principles. ————————————————- ————————————————- —†”——————————————- ————————————————- Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change Motivation can be considered in two major modes, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is that which comes from within the individual, team, group, or organization.Its execution brings about production and self-actualization. Extrinsic motivation is that which originates outside of the individual or organization under scrutiny. The fulfillment of external motivation results in what Lawler (1973) calls social rewards. Dyer, (1972) defines three areas affected by motivation. A Change in amount, quality, or direction of performance. Moti vation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal.In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives. Developing leadership culture all starts with you and all your colleagues in senior leadership . Three statements can be pointed that would not find in the treatment of change . First, in this new world order, your new work as a leader is about developing culture and talents not about assigning it to someone else that all culture development & change starts with you. Second, the key to successful transformation is doing the work in the senior leadership culture first before taking the change to middle of the organization†¦Third ,transformation is serious it work for serious people, it is about getting bigger minds to deal with attachments bigger and complex issues that will c ontinue to confront you, your leadership and your organization 3. 2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal. In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives.Motivation Theories – Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognition is any element of knowledge – an attitude, emotion, belief, value, behavior, etc. When two cognitions are in direct conflict with one another a state of anxiety is produced – dissonance is the term for the anxiety. Compatible cognitions are consonant – i. e. they are in harmony. A classic example of Cognitive Dissonance is holding the belief that â€Å"smoking is bad for you† while continuing the behavior of smoking. These two cognitions are in direct conflict with each other.The belief that smoking is bad is part of one neural network – perhaps associated with health and fitness – while the behavior of smoking is part of another network having to do with tension management, how to hang with friends, or the like. So, these cognitions exist in different locations in the brain. Both are trying to accomplish something important for the self – tension management and hanging with friends is important. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a six-level hierarchy of needs that motivate or drive human behavior.I believe that each of these needs must be met in order for one to achieve happiness. Maslow progressively ranks human needs as follows: †¢Physiological – food, shelter, clothing †¢Security and safety †¢Love and feelings of belonging †¢Competence, prestige, and esteem †¢Curiosity and the need to know †¢Self-Actualization 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- * Builds friendly relationship Improves level of efficiency of employees * Leads to achievement of organizational goals * Leads to stability of work force * Puts human resources into action Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous X-Y theory in his 1960 book ‘The Human Side Of Enterprise'. McGregor's XY Theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving organizational culture. McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results.Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4. 1 explain the nature of gro ups and group behavior within organizations Groups may be classified into two different types: * Informal groups * Formal groups Formal Groups: Formal groups are created to achieve set goals and have specific responsibilities within an organization. Formal groups within organizations are known as work teams or simply teams.Examples of work teams include, call centre teams and project teams. Informal Groups: Informal groups consist of alliances that have no formal structure. Informal or social clubs. For instance, unless the HRD function communicates the policies clearly and cogently, the employees would not participate and comply with them wholeheartedly. Hence, molding group behavior is important for organizations. However, this cannot be construed to mean that all employees must think and act alike. On the contrary, innovation cannot happen when group behavior is the same across all levels. 4. discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in org anizations. Creating and sustaining effective teamwork requires persistent renewal and discovery of good practice. Organisations which try to create positive relationships between employees and makes each employee feel as part of the community, will have a greater chance of achieving effective teamwork across the organisation. An effective team requires cohesion that is held together by several factors. In order to understand how to assemble an efficient team, first need to know the factors affecting effective teamwork.The factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in organizations are: * Communication skills and process * Inter-team co-operation. * Leadership Technique * Task effectiveness * Team dynamism * Team innovation * Team member’s well-being * Team viability * Team working environment, process or tools 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. New technology has been injected into the workpl ace at an exponentially increasing rate Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace.The introduction of technology, especially information technology has changed composition of existing team models and has introduced new team models such as virtual teams. Powell, Piccoli and Ives (2004), define virtual teams in their literature review article â€Å"as groups of geographically, organizationally and/or time dispersed workers brought together by information and telecommunication technologies to accomplish one or more organizational tasks. Conclusion An organization can do better through the practice of Team work and proper utilization of technologies and resources. In the report we have overlooked different management approaches, styles and the motivational approaches which can reflect through the organization structures and culture. So consequently the organization must review the tasks that hav e been performing according to the management plan and identify the best way to act